Criminological Praxis And Tearoom Trade Media Essay

Criminological Praxis And Tearoom Trade Media EssayLaud Humphreys cope of the teashop trade has proved to be an extremely controversial piece of look, so controversial in particular that many called for his PhD to be revoked. Humphreys wasting diseased clandestine observation in order to submit im soulfulnessal sexual encounters between men in public restrooms, this is an extremely controversial subject, and was horizontal more so at the time when the investigate was undertaken furthermore, concealed question is often heavily criticised for being unethical, leading to additional controversy. Covert research is where researchers go undercover to earn their breeding.To lessen the potential for reactive effects and to gain entry to former(a)wise inaccessible settings, some researchers realise adopted the role of a backstair participant. By doing so they keep their research secret and do their best to act like other participants in a favorable setting or group. (Bachman and Schutt, 2007267)This quiz will explore whether the controversy surrounding the tea parlor trade is a result of the subject matter studied, or the methodological approach used. The research undertaken by Humphreys will be discussed in some detail, describing what the research consisted of, and evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology. Consideration will too be given to the use of covert research in general, assessing the pros and cons of the method, as well as covert research conducted by other researchers.Laud Humphreys conducted his research in the 1960s and his book Tearoom Trade A take in of gay encounters in public places was published in 1970, with a second edition published in 1975. Humphreys carried out his research in order to sic who the men were, who were willing to risk arrest in order to indulge in im own(prenominal) sex in public places, as well as to uncover the dynamics of the encounters between the men involved, and discover what this could tell us active human behaviour. The main finding of his research was that the majority of idiosyncratics engaging in homosexual activities within the tearoom led the rest of their lives at heterosexuals.Humphreys used covert methods in order to enter in to the tearoom.A tearoom is a public toilet where men meet for sex with other men. (Banyard and Flanagan, 200527)Humphreys (1970, pp page 2-3) suggests that the reason public restrooms ar so ideal for impersonal sex is because they throw out provide both a public and private setting. Public restrooms ar easily accessible, yet they provide unretentive public visibility. Due to this Humphreys focused his get word on restrooms within public parks, as they were often frequented by men seeking instant sex due to their easy access and limited use by general members of the public.In order to be accepted by the participants of the tearoom trade, Humphreys,assumed the role of tearoom watchqueen by serving as a lookout with the responsi bility to warn of approaching strangers in exchange for the right to let on the homosexual activity. (Kimmel, 198822)By acting as the watchqueen, Humphreys was able to aband just observe what was occurring in the tearooms without suspicion from the genuine participants. This use of deception has been heavily criticised by many, as deception within research is seen as highly unethical.Many social scientists feel that it is unethical for a researcher to conceal his identity to gain inside information. Others feel disguised observation is ethical as long as the welfare of the subjects is protected. (Fitzgerald and Cox, 2002133)Although he did use deception, Humphreys did go to some lengths to protect his participants, which will be discussed later. Furthermore if he were to have entered the tearooms, and announced his role as a researcher, the likelihood is that all sexual activity would have been circumstanceinated and the men who frequented the tearooms would have left, either for fear of being discovered as a person who seeks impersonal sex, the fear or criminal conviction, or for the sheer fact of non wishing to be observed by a researcher. Even if the participants remained, it is potential that they would have altered their behaviour, as they knew they were being observed. If Humphreys had advised the tearoom goers of his research, the results which he sustained would probably not have been as valid, as the results he obtained by development covert methods.Another issue that arises from the use of covert methods and deception is that of informed consent.Covert participant observation is clearly a violation of the principle of informed consent. (Bulmer, 1982218)Covert methods rely on the research subject being unaware of the research taking place it posterior therefore be argued that by study people without their prior k todayledge is a breach of human rights. People should clearly have the right to decide whether or not to participate in any researc h, and their decision should be based on full understanding of what the research consists of, and how any personal information or data obtained will be used.Every code of ethics designed to guide research involving human subjects gives primacy to the requirement of fully informed voluntary consent on the part of the individual concerned. (Gregory, 200335)Humphreys research clearly violates this need for informed consent however, it again can be argued that his research findings could not have been obtained by any other means. It is also important to note, that at the time the research was conducted, there were no professional guidelines making informed consent a research requirement.By observing the participants covertly it can be argued that Humphreys was also invading their right to privacy, however, as they were conducting private acts, in a public domain, is this criticism justifiable? Any male is free to enter the mens restroom, and observe the goings on, it was only by recordi ng his observations that Humphreys can be criticised for invading privacy.As well as observing the homosexual acts conducted in the tearooms, Humphreys move in verbal relationships with twelve men he encountered during his research, he named these the intensive dozen. Humphreys revealed his true identity to these twelve men, informing them of his true reason for attending the tearooms. This enabled him to conduct in-depth interviews.With the help of some meals together and a number of drinks, all agreed to cooperate in subsequent interviewing sessions. (Humphreys, 197036)It can easily be argued that the intensive dozen, were the only participants in Humphreys study who gave full informed consent. Interestingly, especially to those who criticise Humphreys use of deception, Laud himself states that,Apart from the systematic observations themselves, these conversations constitute the richest source of data in the study. (Humphreys, 197037)This brings in to debate whether the covert me thods used were really called for, as Humphreys obtained valuable information from the intensive dozen, by revealing to them his true identity and purpose. However, it could be argued, that without his use of deception, and the fact that he often frequented the tearooms, that the twelve men would not be willing to cooperate. If a total stranger had approached these men, would they be willing to confess all about their homosexual exploits?Social deviants inside restrooms and elsewhere develop careful demurrers against outsiders, including special gestures and extreme caution with strangers. (Warwick, 198239)Was it because they had become acquaintances with Humphreys already that they were willing to tell all? unluckily it is impossible to be able to answer these questions.In order to gain even more information about the men who participated in the tearoom trade, Humphreys make notes about the physical appearance of the men he observed as well as noting the licence plates of their v ehicles. By posing as a commercialise researcher Humphreys was able to obtain the registration details for the vehicles in question from a friendly policeman again this procedure is ethically questionable as Humphreys once again used deception to gain private information about people. Upon receiving the names and addresses of the participants, he visited their homes and made observations and notes about the physical appearance of the house, as well as the location. Humphreys then took advantage of his role as a research associate for a local research meat. He was asked by the centre to produce a questionnaire for a social wellness survey, for men in the local community. Humphreys saw this as an opportunity to include the tearoom participants in the survey, selecting 50 participants to be surveyed along with 50 other members of the community. Approximately a year after his attendance at the tearooms, he sufficiently altered his appearance, so that the tearoom participants would be unable to recognise him as the voyeuristic watchqueen, and proceeded to enter their homes, under the premise of a social worker, in order to conduct the social health survey. This again raises ethical issues, as Humphreys is once again using deception to enter in to the private domain of the men he is researching, and because of this deception he was able to gain private information under false pretences. It may also be argued that Humphreys was putting his participants in detriments way, as the issue of impersonal homosexual encounters is a sensitive 1. As many of the men he surveyed led heterosexual lives, with wives and families, he was putting them in real danger of being exposed, which may of led to their personal lifes being destroyed.However, regardless of how the information was obtained, Humphreys ensured he took every measure to prevent the information being used by anybody else, and to protect the namelessness and confidentiality of the participants. The British Soci ological Association state that,The anonymity and privacy of those who participate in the research process should be respected. Personal information concerning research participants should be kept confidentialWhere possible, threats to the confidentiality and anonymity of research data should be anticipated by researchers. The identities and research records of those participating in research should be kept confidential capture measures should be taken to store research data in a secure manner. (British Sociological Association, 2002)The survey data and all other research materials which were obtained by Humphreys, were secured in a safety deposit box, in a different city to where the research was conducted, and upon finishing with the data, it was destroyed. This is good ethical practice, despite the way the information was gathered. As the information was so sensitive, and could have been used for blackmailing purposes or to bring about criminal convictions, it was vital that Hum phreys treated the information in such(prenominal) an set aside way.So far, it is evident that one of the major controversies surrounding Humphreys research was his repeated use of deception. Warwick (198246) suggests that,Humphreys research provides a unique case study of deception. The concatenation of refutation and disguises in this effort must surely hold the world record for field research. (Warwick,198246)Warwick then continues with a diagnose of shortcomings regarding the research Humphreys conducted. Included in the list are the facts that Humphreys misrepresented his identity while serving as a watchqueen in public restrooms, the fact that he deceived the police in order to obtain personal information about the tearoom participants, and the fact he altered his appearance and conducted the surveys in disguise. When all the uses of deception are put so like blue murder into a list, it is clear to see why there is such controversy surrounding the methodology used by Hump hreys. But is this criticism unique to Humphreys work, or can it be applied to all covert research? Many people loyally object to the use of covert research, this essay will now explore why this is so.Roger Homan (1991, pp page 109-113) lists thirteen separate objections to the use of covert research. He argues that covert methods flout the principle of informed consent, help erode personal liberty, betray trust, pollute the research environment, are bad for the reputation of social research, discriminate against the defenceless and powerless, may damage the behaviour or interest of subjects, may become habitual in the everyday life of the person doing the research, are seldom necessary, have the effect of confining the scope of the research and finally he suggests that the researcher suffers excessive strain in maintaining the cover.With so many objections to covert research is it any wonder that Humphreys has been so heavily criticised for his work? All these objections and criti cisms of covert methods, begs the question, why do some researchers employ covert methods? Many researchers do so, as they feel that they would be unable to infiltrate and obtain information from authoritative groups or settings, if covert methods were not used. For employment, Calvey (2000) who went undercover for six months to research club bouncers and nightlife, states that,In terms of taking a covert role, some argue that such a stance is ethically indefensible. However, given my concern with authenticity and the lived experience of this dangerous work, it would have been nearly impossible to gain access any other way. (Calvey, 200046)What Calvey is saying here, is that he tangle that the only way to gain accurate, valuable information from his research was to adopt a covert approach he felt that by honestly approaching bouncers as a researcher he would be unable to obtain information on their culture and way of life. the likes of Humphreys, Calvey has been heavily criticise d for his work, due to his use of deception and the fact he was putting both himself and the people he was researching at risk. However, not all covert research has come under such heavy fire when it comes to criticism an example of such research would be that conducted by Howard Becker on dance hall musicians and seemly a marijuana user. Becker also used deception, and often recorded conversations without informed consent, yet his work has not been criticised as relentlessly as Humphreys work has.It would appear, that although covert methods are widely criticised as unethical practice, the subject matter being studied is capable of stoking the fire, and influencing peoples judgement even further, helping to produce heavier criticisms and distain for both the research and the researcher alike. At the time when Humphreys conducted his research, homosexuals did not have the same freedom to explore and enjoy their sexuality that they do today the gay liberation campaign was only just beginning to emerge. At the time, homosexual sex was characterised as criminal sodomy and very little research had been conducted on the gay subculture in general, never mind research pertaining to sexual acts between members of the same sex. It is interesting to think that, if Humphreys conducted his research in todays modern times whether he would have acquire the same criticism that he did when his book was published in 1970.It is clear that, through his use of covert methods, and controversial subject matter, Humphreys has come under fire, and his research has been heavily criticised. But was his research justified and did the outcome of his research benefit those involved and society as a whole?Although his use of covert methods are controversial and may be considered unethical, Humphreys probably would not have been able to uncover the information which he did without using such methods, therefore, in these circumstances, the use of such methods are justified.There are serio us ethical and legal issues in the use of covert research but the use of covert methods may be justified in certain circumstances. (British Sociological Association, 2002)Humphreys also went to incredible lengths to protect the information he obtained, which can only be seen as a strong asset to his research. Also, it was due to the research undertaken by Humphreys, and other such research conducted at a similar time, that many of the current ethical codes and guidelines pertaining to research endure today. These guidelines have enabled recent research to be much more ethically sound, and therefore not be so heavily criticised. Therefore, Humphreys work has helped in the overture and evolution of social research. It is also interesting to consider whether the research conducted by Humphreys should have received such criticism considering that these ethical codes did not exist at the time.In relation to the impact his research has had on both the homosexual community and society as a whole, Humphreys managed to disprove many of the myths surrounding the tearoom trade. Many believed that the tearoom trade put young people at risk of sexual assault, yet Humphreys managed to show that the only sexual activity occurring in public restrooms was between consenting adults, and that no advances were made to disinterested parties. He also managed to show that the men engaging in the tearoom trade were not merely criminals or transients, but that the majority were upstanding members of the community, many of which were employed and had families, and a considerable amount were members, or had been members of the armed forces. This can only been seen as shedding a positive light on the then, underground homosexual subculture. As West (1970) states,there can only be benefit in the long term from the information the author has been able to obtain about a little understood but important facet of deviant behaviour. (West, 1970 viii)In conclusion it can be argued that the con troversy surrounding Humphreys research is down to a combination of his methodological approach, and his chosen subject matter. His work drew attention to a little known deviant activity, which many people may have been disgusted by, and his findings are somewhat graphically depicted in his book Tearoom Trade. This controversial subject matter coupled with his ethically flawed methodology is what has led his research to become so infamously controversial within the field of social research. Warwick (1982), one of Humphreys main critics acknowledges that some of the controversies surrounding the research come from the research topic, yet he defends Humphreys decision to research into the tearoom trade, and only finds fault with the research methods that he used.Undoubtedly public reaction to Tearoom Trade will be strongly affected by the subject matter and the way in which the findings are presented. Many readers, finding the whole topic revolting, will channel their distaste against the author and sociology in generalEven so I would strongly defend Humphreys right to study this topic, however controversial it may beSocial scientists have not only a right but an obligation to study controversial and politically sensitive subjects, including homosexuality, even if this brings down the wrath of the public and government officials. But this obligation does not carry with it the right to deceive, exploit, or manipulate people (Warwick, 198254-55)However in defence of his methodology, it is important to consider that there were no formal guidelines and ethical codes relating to social research at the time Humphreys conducted his study of the tearoom trade. Also, many of the criticisms relating to the possible disablement to participants are what ifs. Is it justifiable to criticise a piece of research on the fact that harm may come to the participant? Humphreys went to incredible lengths to ensure harm would not come to his participants, and that their identities wo uld not be disclosed. In relation to his use of covert methods, deception and lack of informed consent, it is difficult to see how else he would have been able to conduct the research and still achieve the same results. Furthermore, deception is not restricted to covert methods, as can be seen in the example of Milgrams Study of Obedience, where informed consent was obtained, yet deception was still used.It is my opinion that although Humphreys research is ethically flawed, the reason it has become so controversial is not but down to the methodology, the controversial subject matter has served as an accelerant in fuelling the controversy surrounding the research.Word Count 3277

Pepsi And Coca Cola Advertising And Branding Media Essay

Pepsi And coca Cola Advertising And Branding Media EssayFor my Media Discourses topic I submit selected the one on Advertising and Branding. The two brands/advertisements I urinate chosen are none early(a) than those of the well-recognized Pepsi Co. and Coca Cola Ltd. But to make it a bit more than interesting the products I chose and entrust be discussing are Pepsi Max and Coke unfounded, the new healthy additions to both companies. Secondly, it is worth noting that to expand the semiotic aspect of the advertisements I have chosen a printed advertisement for Pepsi Max and a photograph advertisement for Coke Light. I believe this will cover a wider variety of incidentors which can be discussed and fail and that if it were kept to the print media only we wouldnt have been able to cover the semiotics like music, gestures etc. Over the course of this assignment we shall study the various semiotics colors used, the guide words, music, clothing, gestures expressions, camera a ngles etc used in the respective advertisements. It is amazing how everything from the simple feeding bottle-design, the text used in the advertisement to the whole implementation of a video advertisement is beholdd differently and holds different, yet invaluable meanings. We shall further investigate the meanings of these signs plus tools used and how they can influence and affect the audiences and consumers. I shall touch the channelize of sex used for selling in the advertisements of such brands and fix a few others who use such tactics. After the photographs and advertisements are discussed to full extent we shall analyze these brands with a more holistic viewpoint, where they stand and the image they are trying to portray. To make the argument more au indeedtic I shall incorporate examples, pictures, references from the sources I have researched from etc. even though these two brands are clichd I believe they serve as a prime example in todays humans of the wind brand wa rs and shall be insightful in the topic at hand. At the end I shall give you a bibliography of all the material and books I consulted as a resource for this essay. I believe the following exhaustive account of semiotics hand-in-hand with media highlights its importance in todays marketing world.DiscussionWhile surfing the web I came across an advertisement of Coca Cola ltd on their product Coke Light. I believe it was formed by the branding aggroup of Coke Light and no one individual can be acc sanguineited to having made the whole advertisement. I will now try to analyze the ocular communication that connected the image of the product and the consumer for these resulting ideas benefit the sales volume and profitability of the product. As a whole, if you watch the advertisement, it portrays and targets the young, healthy and sexy state being the ones who consume Coke Light.Conforming to the cultural norms we have specific mental schemas and opinions which belong to the society w e live in mostly. Based on these we perceive what we bring down differently. For someone like me, an advertisement of coke selling the point of sex might be more acceptable than someone with a more conservative mind-set, living in a different society. So it is important to realize that the following ad makes sense to me and appeals to me because it follows the conventions of my amicable life and in the self uniform(prenominal) way in some aspects appeals to a much wider consumer base. For instance the iconic colors used as semiotics in this ad are democratic throughout the world. Almost everyone can advert red and black to Coca Cola and this advertisement makes full use of it. Using rather beautiful models (a kat and a girl) in the ad, taking place on a beach, they play along with the wholesome, powerful theme. Red is a dominating color which grabs the attention of the viewing audience/consumers and leads them to act on what appeals to their senses. This is exploited in what t he woman wears, i.e. a red gown with a feminine exuberance and in the Coke (written in red) Light (written in black). This can signify the womans power and/or control and the confidence in the quality of the product. Black is what the man adorns completing the colors of the brand. Secondly, to my knowledge he wears black to keep the attention off of him in the ad at first and converge it onto the more prominent woman. The background helps and most settings are leading the focus on the tow models. The overall dressing is deemed as sexy in todays world and even though such shows are considered provocative, here they have a meaning of comfortableness and a daring nature. She furthers this persona by constantly sending subtle signals to the blackguard while he swims in the sea. The guy takes full notice while making no approach. Upon reaching his bench he starts buttoning up his black shirt facing the other way from the girl. What he hears next is her opening the can of Coke Light whic h brings a smile on his face. Upon dressing up he turns to her as she continues trying to tempt him. They then close up on the guy to show that he has a priests collar and this puts the woman in an awkward position. But the tension is eased as the guy walks over to the girl and blesses her for having Coke Light in her hands leaving her all flattered. This gives a holy aspect to the whole advertisements and finishes off with the slogan Have a great break. Humor has been incorporated to full extent and helps immensely in the formulation of a successful and memorable commercial. Millions of hits on this ad authenticate this belief.The second advertisement that I have chosen is from a local magazine and it is of Pepsi Max. We are well aware that Pepsi and Coca Cola are direct competitors and therefore when one comes up with an idea the other follows with his own innovations. The ad is a one page picture showing a bottle as well as a can of Pepsi Max, with an effect of the can breaking t hrough the page which is depicted as a hard, solid wall. The fact that there are flowery and bold colors come off strikingly well in the advertisement.The design of the bottle is simple with the colors red white and black used, black replacing the well known blue in the Pepsi sign. The design is minimalist with no excessive clutter or visual distractions. The formal layout of the whole ad gives a Web 2.0 vibe. It is safe to say that the picture was crafted by the local graphic designers working in the Pepsi team. This we can see from the usage of lower case letters in the new Pepsi logo which is reminiscent of the web 2.0 format. This new look shows that drinking Pepsi Max is a modern, networked and social way of living. It again focuses on the whole, on the young generation, possessing the same mythic meanings as its Coke counterpart. The logo creates familiarity with a whole new essence to the consumers found on its unique presentation. Pepsi Max has concentrated on the shape of the bottle making it newer, black in color, portraying a powerful image which is not common to other cold beverages. Upon consulting other video advertisements of this same brand I have come to realize not much is different in the mythical meanings of both of them. They pretty much target the same young, healthy generation as a target audience, carry pretty much the same slogan and have the same marketing mix. What differs is the brand pull it brings with it and the sponsors they get.Everyone is familiar with the cola wars. The major problem faced by both of them is that of constant ripening as claimed by Philip Kotler (2008).Through these advertisements both these brands are trying to achieve but one goal, i.e. to increase profitability. The various semiotics and methods used have got to relate to the brand in the end in some way or the other and in turn it is this great backing of a brand name which ensures their safe progress in the competing world. Semiotics can be handled diff erently as discussed by P. Kotler and G. Armstrong (2008) stated by the global brand manager of Coca Cola, in Spanish speaking Coke Light ads position the soft drink as an object of desire, rather than as a way to palpate good about yourself as diet Coke is positioned in the United States. This desire positioning plays off research showing that Coca-Cola Light is seen in other parts of the world as a vibrant brand that exudes sexy confidence.

Edge Detection Using Kirsch Algorithms

bunt Detection Using Kirsch Algorithms come across subroutine is the study of representation and manipulation of natural information. In Image Processing, an saltation is the barrier between an object and its background. Therefore, if the margins of pictures objects crumb be identified with precision, all the objects can be located and their properties much(prenominal) as bea, circumference and shape can be calculated. ring maculation is an essential tool for stunt woman processing. Edge detective work is the process of locating the raciness pixels. therefore an limit enhancement will increase the contrast between the edges and the background in such a way that edges become more visible.In the edge function, the Sobel method uses the derivative approximation to visualise edges. Therefore, it relents edges at those points where the slope of the considered ensure is uttermost. The Kirsch Edge module detects edges using octad compass riddles. All eight filters ato mic number 18 applied to the hear with the maximum being retained for the final exam image. The eight filters are a rotation of a basic compass fling filter (RoboRealm, 2006).The proposal is organized as follows. First, describe the research problems statement, search Objective, Hypothesis, Delimitations, Assumptions, Terms, significant of the Research Problem, Literature Review session. Lastly the Research Methodology and Conclusion sections respectively.Research ProblemProblem StatementsAs a valet being, we could not notice the petite lines of an image. We could only recognize an enormous range of objects from just line images such cartoons. Besides, in Malaysian, it is acknowledge that there is no system to identify the edges of the local cars. They prefer to choose the human faces, geometric shapes or the environment image as their image research.So, by using edge detection techniques, the resultant role of detected edges image could show us the lines or edges from the ob vious lines to the tiniest lines of that certain image (Brendan McCane, 2001).For example, Prewit Edge sensor for detection of edges in digital images corrupted with different kinds of noise (Raman Maini, 2005). In the edge function, the Sobel method uses the derivative approximation to find edges where it returns edges at those points where the gradient of the considered image is maximum. The Kirsch Edge module detects edges using eight compass filters. All eight filters are applied to the image with the maximum being retained for the final image. The eight filters are a rotation of a basic compass convolution filter (RoboRealm, 2006).Research ObjectivesThe objectives of this study are1) To identify edge detection of image processing system on Malaysian cars.2) To be able to draw a bitmap result where edges are either in greyness scaled or coloredfor enhancement of edges in an image.3) To compare the edge detection methods to one another by using the Prewit EdgeDetector, Sobel Ed ge Detector and Kirsch Edge Detector.2.3 HypothesisBelieve that by implementing different edge detecting algorithms, verified images will be more exact and precise in cost of image accuracy and clarity.2.4 DelimitationsThe edge detections will only be analyzing between Sobel, Prewit and Kirsch algoritms.The image processing edge detection does not contain any hierarchal structure but only groups of local cars images.2.5 AssumptionsThe participants are familiar the basic knowledge of edge detection to ensure they realize what is happening during the experimental session.They are not trained to identify the difference between the 3 algorithms given to themAll participants are at least two year experience in image processing activities to make sure that they could determine what the purpose of this research is.TermsNoise = amount of distortion of a pixel value against the frequence of imagesThresholding = separates the pixels in ways that tend to preserve the boundariesFilter = Pro cess by which we can enhance or otherwise modify images.2.6 Research SignificanceThe image of Malaysian cars will be captured as the arousal. The each of the images edges will be detected either by using the Prewit Edge Detector, Sobel Edge Detector or Kirsch Edge Detector. If the user chooses to see the output of Prewit Edge Detector, the result of detected edges will be appear on the panel and same goes to if they choose the Sobel Edge Detector or the Kirsch Edge Detector. They could choose all of the three edge sensing elements for more precise observation. The result also will be compare with the human views to get the similarity of edge detecting against it.Literature ReviewIntroduction to Image Processing Edge DetectionIn Image Processing, an edge is the boundary between an object and its background. They represent the frontier for single objects. Therefore, if the edges of images objects can be identified with precision, all the objects can be located and their properties s uch as area, perimeter and shape can be calculated. Edge detection is an essential tool for image processing. Edge detection is the process of locating the edge pixels. Then an edge enhancement will increase the contrast between the edges and the background in such a way that edges become more visible. In addition, edge ghost is the process of by-line the edges, normally collecting the edge pixels into a list.In the edge function, the Sobel method uses the derivative approximation to find edges. Therefore, it returns edges at those points where the gradient of the considered image is maximum. The horizontal and vertical gradient matrices whose dimensions are 3-3 for the Sobel method has been generally used in the edge detection operations. In this work, a function is worded to find edges using the matrices whose dimensions are 5-5 in matlab (Shigeru A, 2000).Since edge detection is in the forefront of image processing for object detection, it is crucial to have a unsloped fello w feeling of edge detection algorithms. Prewit Edge Detector for detection of edges in digital images corrupted with different kinds of noise. Different kinds of noise are studied in give to evaluate the performance of the Prewitt Edge Detector (Raman Maini, 2005). The Kirsch Edge module detects edges using eight compass filters. All eight filters are applied to the image with the maximum being retained for the final image. The eight filters are a rotation of a basic compass convolution filter (RoboRealm, 2006).3.2 Comparisons of Edge Detection Techniquesa) SobelSobel edge detector using convolutions with row and column edge gradient masks (Percy S, 2001).Applies a 3-3 convolution filter row-wise in order to determine the gradient of the surrounding pixels. pixel is a member of an edge if the intensity of it is greater than that of the members of its surrounding pixels.The Sobel edge detection filter uses the two 3-3 templates to calculate the gradient value.121-101-1-211110011-1-1 Figure 1 Sobel Algorithm X Y reliable imageSobel Edge DetectionOriginal imageFigure 1.1 Sobel Edge Detection Outputb) PrewitPrewit Edge Detector for detection of edges in digital images corrupted with different kinds of noise. Different kinds of noise are studied in order to evaluate the performance of the Prewit Edge Detector (Raman Maini, 2005).This is similar to the Sobel detectorOperates low the same principle except that it uses a different (simpler) convolution kernel.-101-101-101The Prewitt edge detection filter uses the two 3-3 templates to calculate the gradient value.-1-1-1000111Figure 2 Prewit Algorithm X YOriginal imagePrewitt Edge DetectionOriginal imageFigure 2.1 Prewit Edge Detection Outputc) KirschThe Kirsch Edge module detects edges using eight compass filters. All eight filters are applied to the image with the maximum being retained for the final image. The eight filters are a rotation of a basic compass convolution filter (Mike Heath, 2001).The filters are of th e form555-3-3-3-3-3-35-3-35-3-35-3-3Figure 3 Kirsch Algorithm X YOriginal imageKirsch Edge DetectionOriginal imageFigure 3.1 Kirsch Edge Detection Output3.3 ThresholdingThe idea of thresholding is to apply a boundary-finding method (such as edge detection), sample of the histogram that are only near where the boundary probability is high.The benefit of thresholding is to separates the pixels in ways that tend to preserve the boundaries. Besides that, other scattered distributions at heart the object or the background are irrelevant. But, the problems if the characteristics change along the boundary, it still no guarantee you wont have extraneous pixels or holes (IgorPro, 2006).The advantages of thresholding can be declared that it is simple to implement, fast especially if repeating on similar images and it is good for some kinds of images such as documents, controlled set-ups.The disadvantages of thresholding can be assume that it is usually not very good segmentation, there are n o guarantees of object coherency such as they may have holes, extraneous pixels, and so on and there are connected component labeling can then be used to label separate foreground regions.METHODOLOGYThis chapter provides methodology that used to develop text search engine prototype. Methodology is a study of methods, a set of procedures and selecting information. All of workflow involved in the implementation of this come out is explained from the stock to the end.Project Formulation FrameworkFigure 4 Overview of Project Formulation FrameworkProject Framework SummaryPhaseObjectivesDeliverablesPlanning1) To identify and recognize potential problems.2) Ensure goals, scope, budget, schedule, methods and tools are in place.1) Define the problem statement, objectives, scope and contribution of study.2) Collecting images of Malaysian cars.Analysis1) Analyzing the system requirement.2) Analyze the edge detection algorithms used for the system (Sobel, Prewit and Kirsch).1) Prototype req uirement and requirement model.2) Identify the comparison of the algorithms chosen.Design1) Design the prototype interface and the coding (classes and object).2) Design function and algorithms.1) governance and Detailed design.2)GUI interfaceImplementation1) Translate design into codeNew drillTesting1)Pre-test and pro-test the applicationTest the applicationData CollectionThe data collection is the most critical process in this project. As mentioned earlier, this study will only focus on Malaysian cars. Before developed the application tool, all information must be collected first. This stages involved data collection about sample of Malaysian car images and project requirements which are ironware and software requirements.The sample images of the car will be captured by using digital camera. The main hardware system in order to capture an image is the camera to grab the image of the cars. The images are in a bitmapped or digital image format. Besides that, this study also gather ed information from internet. It was the sterling(prenominal) finding for this project. From internet, more information can be explored in detail such as about bitmapped image model, journals and articles about previous researches which related to this project the Malaysian cars itself and many more.4.4 Prototype DevelopmentThroughout the development of the application, there were involving some steps. afterwards all the information gathered, the development processes take place. Firstly, as an input the image of the Malaysian cars must be captured. A digital camera was used to acquire the images. There were 10 images of different category of Malaysian cars as samples for this project. In capturing the images, hardware system also involved. The camera will use to grab the image and the computer system will do the image processing and data analysis for the images. The images were scanned to convert them into digital form.Experiment and ProcedureIn the experimental task, the partici pants will be given the Malaysian car images. They will blow over the application by choosing different car images and test all the images to the different edge detection algorithm provided to them. The output which is the result of comparison between those 3 algorithms (Sobel, Prewitt and Kirsch) will be recorded. The user, based on his/her experience will determine the sharp, cardsharper and sharpest result of edge detected images from system. Here, they might recognize which edge detector is more accurate in image clarity capturing. The summary of the experiment is as followsPretestParticipants choose Malaysian cars images and tryout them using the algorithms provided.Posttest /TreatmentParticipants evaluate the result which edge detection algorithm is the sharp, sharper or sharpest.ObservationMy experiment used one-group pretest and posttest design.7. The group participated in both pre-experiment evaluation and post-experiment evaluation sequentially. The design is represente d as followsGroupTime Group 1Observation 1(using Sobel Algorithm with and without thresholding)Observation 2(using Prewit Algorithm with and without thresholding)Observation 3(using Kirsch Algoritm with and without thresholding)Figure 5 Experimental design 7Experimental Design Number 7 pretest and posttest design.Data AnalysesAfter collecting all the data from their query results from the participants, we use the following standard criteria for evaluating retrieval for effectiveness of search are used . The keyword-based search and the ontology-based search have been evaluated using the following formulaComparison of Edge Detectors Image bang-upness Based on Thresholding ValueBilType of Malaysian CarsSobelPrewitKirsch1Perodua Kelisa slap-upestSharperSharp2Perodua KenariSharpestSharperSharp3Perodua KembaraSharpestSharperSharp4Proton WiraSharpestSharperSharp5Proton WajaSharpestSharpSharper6Proton Satria NeoSharpestSharperSharp7Perodua KancilSharpestSharperSharp8Proton Saga AerobackSh arpestSharpSharper9Proton SatriaSharperSharpestSharp10Perodua MyviSharpestSharperSharpTable 1 Approximate image sharpness of the algorithms based on 10 of Malaysian car imagesSharp Result (Percentage)Edge DetectorsSobelPrewitKirsch0/10* vitamin C = 0%2/10*100 = 20%8/10*100 = 80%Table 2 Percentage for the Malaysian Cars Sharpness for sharp categorySharper Result (Percentage)Edge DetectorsSobelPrewitKirsch1/10*100 = 10%7/10*100 = 70%2/10*100 = 20%Table 3 Percentage for the Malaysian Cars Sharpness for sharper categorySharpest Result (Percentage)Edge DetectorsSobelPrewitKirsch9/10*100 = 90%1/10*100 = 10%0/10*100 =0%Table 4 Percentage for the Malaysian Cars Sharpness for sharpest categoryFigure 6 Histogram for the comparison result for precisionAccording to the Figure 6, based on Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4, the sharp, sharper and sharpest result is based from the thresholding value of 60.In making this research, some important lesson or experience has been learned. After the project s uccessfully developed and tested, the result from the testing is analyzed. The results are between human viewing and prototype viewing. By analysis and compare the results the accuracy of the project is determined. It also use as a measurement to the third objective of the project. If the project result is accurate, the third objective is successfully achieved.5.3 RecommendationThere are also some future expansions that can be done in order to improve this prototype.This prototype developed for computer platform only.This prototype can be developed in the PDA or handheld hand phone.Recommendation for future is the samples of Malaysian cars should be various because from that the result can be more accurate.5.4 ConclusionThere are many ways to perform edge detection. Various edge detection algorithms have been developed in the process of finding the perfect edge detector. Some of the edge detection operators that are discussed in this thesis are Prewitt, Sobel, and Kirsch operators. In this case, there are three criteria for optimum edge detections. First good detection where the optimal detector must minimize the probability of false positives, as well as that of false negatives. Second, good localization where the edges detected must be as close as possible to the true edges and finally, single response constraint where the detector must return one point only for each true edge point that is, minimize the number of local maxima around the true edge (Trucco, 2006).

Walt Whitmans Song of Myself Essay examples -- Song of Myself Essays

In one of the sections from the poem, Song of Myself Walt Whitman starts out with a child asking a question, What is the buy at? Grass is a symbol of life. God, who created both the heavens and the earth also gave birth to life. When Whitman refers to grass as a handkerchief of the Lord (7), as a gift. When people look at the grass, they do not think of it as a creation but rather just a plant. Whitman refers to the grass as a child, the produced babe of vegetation (11, 12). Here, the grass is a metaphor for the birth of a child. In often cases, the birth of anything is celebrated because it symbolizes a new life, a new beginning.Whitman in a way compares grass as a human society. He mentions that grass is a uniform hieroglyphic (13) and they alike (14). In scientific terms, all humans are similar to each other and the only aspect that makes each person different is their personality and race. But even up if people are racially different from each other physically, every person is the same internally as Whitman puts it Growing among black folks as among white, Knuck, T...

Organizational Behavior Trends Essay -- Human Resources

organizational Behavior TrendsOutline1.Definition of OB and related terminologies.2. usage of decision make in OB environss.3.Conflicts involved in decision making processes in organizations.4.Rifts in the midst of managerial train staff and operations level earnforce.5.Stakeholders in decision making in a corporate hierarchy.6.Self-inflicted honourable dilemmas and differences, causes for it.7.Values and goals affecting causing ethical dilemmas in OB8.Globalization and its strategic alliances.9.Impact of technological advancements in organizational environments.10.Techno stress and other stress factors in organizational environments.11.Survey results of organizational stress and prevalence. 12.Pros and cons of stress factors.13.ResourcesAbstractThis penning will provide a basic description and evaluation of the trends in Organizational Behavior (OB). It then goes on to expound on the influence of ethical behavior on decision making in an organization and its prevalence in mo dern day corporate environment. It also explores the ethical atomic number 18a of Organizational Behavior and how it can cause friction in the organization stemming from personal and career oriented causes. The final parts of this thesis speak about work stress and technological aspects of OB. Firstly one must know what OB is. Its an interdisciplinary field of study and practice, investigating the match of individuals, groups, structure and environment on behavior within organizations. The primary concern of OB is with people, what they do and how their behavior affects individual, group and organizational performance. Life is full of decisions. Each day, people are faced with different problems requiring answers and solutions. Decision making is the process of defining problems and choosing a course of action from among alternatives. Decision making at best is a repugn for employees in general and managers in particular. For example, many decisions management faces turn out to b e ethical decisions or cause ethical implications or consequences. Once we straggle the realm of relatively ethical-free decisions (such as which production method to use for a particular product), decisions quickly become complex, and many carry with them an ethical dimension. Decision making in itself is not a simple p... ...t or a considerable deal.This survey also revealed that most workers make a direct connection between workplace stress and accidents or illnesses. The majority of those surveyed agreed that stress is a leading cause of accidents and mistakes in the workplace (78%), and that people who experience a great deal of stress have higher absenteeism (76%). Workers also believe that high levels of stress cause or exacerbate illnesses. The majority of people surveyed (74%), also agrees that three-quarters of all illnesses seen in medical practices are caused or made worse by stress.Despite the negative effects of stress, which range from on-the-job accidents to adv erse impact on personal lives, nearly two thirds (63%) of all workers feel there is nothing that can be done about stress which its something people have to get used to.Bibliography1.Ronald R. Sims - Ethics and Organizational Decision Making A Call for Renewal. Quorum Books - Westport, CT, 1994. 2.Ronald R. Sims - Managing Organizational Behavior. Quorum Books Westport, CT, 2002. 3.http//www.doit.wisc.edu/news/story.asp?filename=38&print=1 4.http//www.kensington.com/ hypertext mark-up language/1393.html

The Road Not Taken Essay examples -- Literary Analysis, Robert Frost

Robert frostings The Road Not Taken has touched the hearts of people on the whole over America and has rightfully earned its place in the American literary canon. Written in 1916 by champion of the greatest poets in American history Robert Frost uses an unique metrical form that brings nature to life and a gives the reader a firm understanding of the rural lifestyle. Inspired by his friend Edward Thomas, Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken pits a man against two paths for which a difficult choice must be made. afterward that man arrests his choice he tells the reader Two roads diverged in a wood, and I I took the whiz less traveled by, and that has made altogether the difference (Frost). The man does not reveal whether he made the right choice all he tells the reader is that his choice made a prodigious impact on his life. For decades, various literary critics have analyzed this atom of writing trying to uncover its true meaning. Many scholars have found this piece to be a tru ly inspirational work while others have pictured it nothing more than an ironic tale of right and wrong. Alexander Meiklejohn is one scholar who used Robert Frosts poem to teach others about making the right choices. Katherine Kearns, on the other hand, feels that the poem does not live up to its popularity. The viewpoints and criticisms regarding this unique piece of literature stretch far and wide, proving that Robert Frosts poem has intrigued readers for decades. A large volume of criticisms have emerged that offer new perspectives for readers to look for as they continue to read The Road Not Taken for decades to come. Alexander Meiklejohn found Frosts poem to be a truly inspirational work. Meiklejohn was a philosopher and well-educated teacher. His views on life refl... ...terpretations of the story will vary. Robert Faggen takes this criticism a step further and relates the poem to Charles Darwins theory of evolution and how species evolved by making difficult choices through their existence. Karen Kearns represents those critics who do not feel strongly about Robert Frosts poem. Though many critics can agree Robert Frosts poem illustrates various levels of irony Kearns finds it ironic that The Road not Taken, a mediocre poem at best, is being regarded as one of the most popular poems in the American literary canon. The criticisms for this poem will never end as long as people continue to make difficult choices in their lives. After reading the The Road not Taken, one can form their own criticisms about what path is right for them whether it means winning the road bent in the undergrowth or embarking on the road not taken.

The Scarlet Letter (colors) :: essays research papers

Essay The Scarlet Letter-ColorsThroughout the novel, The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne illustrates the themes with various dramatic colours. Of the array are the colors green and gold, where green symbolizes different aspects of temper such as tranquility, security, and gloominess, whereas gold represents all that pertains to luxuriance, serenity and goodness. In certain chapters, it seems as if one color is codependent with the other.The implication of the color green was most bulky in chapter sixteen, where Hawthorne used much description to depict the dreariness within the woods, yet adding a sense of security to it all. Here they sat down on a luxuriant heap of moss, which, at some epoch of the preceding century, had been a gigantic pine, with its root and trunk in the darksome shade&8230 (177) There is, apparently, plenty of references to the color green. Not only does green represent nature in general, its reference to the forest is also the very depiction of freedom. Nobody watches in the woods to chronicle misbehavior, thus it is here that people may do as they wish.The color gold is of dominance in this novel. It is used frequently to describe richness and luxuriance. On the look of her gown, in fine red cloth surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread, appeared the garner A. (60)However, it carries an even more important reference to the temperateness in chapter sixteen, the sun also symbolizing guilt-free happiness. Pearl seems to absorb the sunlight while it flees from Hester and her mark of sin. In chapter eighteen, the two colors, green and gold, intertwines and implicates pure serenity. Amidst the green, lush forest, Hester takes the letter off her bosom and instantly transforms into a new person, a person finally revealing herself from under a shield of shame.