DBQ for AP World History

he printing press was transformed by Johann Gutenberg, a German goldsmith, and more than 8 million books were printed in Western Europe between 1456 and 1500. This invention had an effect with the Protestant Reformation. It not only furthered the knowledge of geography, but it also expanded knowledge throughout the countries and whether you were wealthy or poor, printing made books available to the general public.By 1560, many people were either Catholic, Protestant, or mixed (Doc. 5). Non-Catholic Western European Christians were the followers of Luther. Luther’s goal was to stir debate around the issue of indulgences. He believed that is was wrong how the churches would encourage indulgences onto the people. Written in one of the 95 Theses, if people bought indulgences, then they would be â€Å"eternally damned† and because of the printing press, the 95 Theses were known throughout Europe (Doc. 3). Luther would compare criminals to the Popes to get his point across. I n document 4, Luther used the word â€Å"robbers†.Robbers steal and he used this word against the popes. The popes were taking money from the people in exchange of an indulgence. Lucas Cranach, a close friend of Luther, made a woodcut to demonstrate not only the comparison between a pope and Jesus, but also how money was a key factor (Doc. 4). Having a point of view from a Catholic German pope in 1521 could give details and evidence of how indulgences were for the better of the people and not for the pope himself.In 1471, the printing press was not known widely. About thirty years later, the invention spread and along with it was a letter (Doc. 2). Christopher Columbus wrote about his experience of inhabited islands he found in the letter and because of the printing press, his letter spread throughout Western Europe (Doc. 6). He wrote this to keep the king of Spain updated and to let the public know his findings. Columbus was a skilled voyager. He wanted to find new routes an d to bring back goods. In 1489, Martellus, a German, was able to create a world map and Columbus was able to improve the map accurately with his travels.Then almost a hundred years later, Abraham Ortelius, a German, was able to create an accurate world map (Doc. 7). In document 6, it is noted that Columbus was believed to have written most of the letter coming back from America. Having a statement from an eyewitness  boarding Christopher’s vessel between 1492 and 1493 could provide a detailed or accurate description on when he wrote the letter.At first, a scribe would be writing a book by hand from the dictation of a scholar. Then in the mid-1500s, print shops would be built (Doc. 1). Just like the evolving of printing and books, knowledge was expanded and it evolved as well. Isaac Newton was able to use previous knowledge of other scholars to become a mathematician himself. He was able to make the world more understanding by expanding on other philosophers like Galileo (Do c. 10).And other scientific individuals were able to do that as well. For example, Johannes Kepler described how lenses work and was able to create an astronomical telescope. After him, Robert Hooke was able to use a microscope to further his observations (Doc. 10). Everything was wrote down and because of the printing press, things got to be published. Publishers were able to print books in different languages and this expanded the ancient ideas even more (Doc. 8). When the books were open to the general public, the ideas spread quickly on a grand scale (Doc. 9).The printing press helped people understand better. It helped Luther spread his opinions throughout Europe and it resulted in Protestant Reformation. Printing furthered geography and it evolved and expanded knowledge. The printing press was able to write things down permanently for all to see and read; now and then.

Cannabis and Food Service Essay

Introduction I.Attention-Grabbing introduction: According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, a recent government survey shows that over 98 million Americans over the age of 12 have tried marijuana at least once in their lifetime. II.Preview of 3 Main Points: Today I am going to give you information about marijuana legalization. There are three main points to touch on. First, what is marijuana and how does it affect humans. Second, when and why did marijuana become illegal? Third and finally, I will speak about the trend of states legalizing marijuana for medical purposes. Thesis/Specific Purpose Statement: Using these three points, I am going to attempt to inform you about marijuana and the movement to legalize it. Body I.Point One: What is marijuana and how does it affect humans? A.Sub-point A: According to WebMD, marijuana, or cannabis sativa, is a naturally occurring plant that contains several psychoactive ingredients, including delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). B.Sub-point B: When THC reaches the brain, it induces relaxation and a feeling of euphoria. It also typically heightens the senses and relieves pain. Transition Now that we know what marijuana is, let’s look at when and why it became illegal in the United States. II.Point Two: When did marijuana become illegal in the United States? A. Sub-point A: According to an article published in Fortune magazine, marijuana has been utilized by human civilizations for thousands of years. It has been a part of western medicine since the early 19th century. B. Sub-point B: Starting in the early 1900’s, states began outlawing cannabis because it had become associated with violence and psychosis. C. Sub-point C: In 1937, through the Marihuana Tax Act, the federal government effectively outlawed marijuana, in spite of objections by the American Medical Association. Transition: So, we have looked at what marijuana is, as well as when it became illegal in the United States. Let’s finally look at the current trend of states legalizing marijuana for medicinal purposes. III.Point Three: More and more states are enacting legislation that legalizes medical marijuana. A. Sub-point A: According to the USA Today, when New Jersey passed medical marijuana legislation in 2010, it became the 14th state to legalize marijuana in some form. B. Sub-point B: In addition to this, there are another 14 states that are currently considering legislation that will either legalize medical marijuana or decriminalize possession of personal amounts. Conclusion A.Summary Statement / 3 main points & thesis: In review, first we looked at what marijuana is as well as its effects on the human brain, second we saw when and how marijuana was prohibited in the U.S. and third, we looked at the growing number of states that have legalized or decriminalized marijuana. B.Statement tying introduction to conclusion: With a large portion of Americans having tried marijuana, and more and more states considering legislation, it seems that the time has come for a serious debate about the legality of marijuana. Sample Outline Goal: To convince listeners that the often-criticized Campus Food Service is really quite good. Introduction I. How many times have we, as students, complained about Campus Food Service and decided to order in or go out after having previewed that day’s menu? II. By showing how the Food Service on campus keeps costs to a minimum, keeps offering a good variety, and keeps maintaining high quality standards, I am going to prove that Campus Food Service is the best meal program for students. Thesis/Specific Purpose Statement: Campus Food Service is vastly underrated. Body I.Cost is not a valid complaint. A. According Myer Tempel, an outside review company, no one is getting rich off Food Service, since proceeds are divided among utilities, labor, wages, and the cost of food. B. An informal survey shows that Campus Food is comparable in price to local restaurants. Transition: Now that we’ve talked about the cost of the food, let’s move to quality of the food itself. II.Taste is not a valid complaint. A. According to Matt Davis, the Campus Foods coordinator, and supported by Myer Tempel, all foods served are Grade A, fresh daily, and never reused under any circumstances. B. Every Friday night, Campus Foods has an â€Å"international dinner night,† taking us from Latin America to Italy to China. Transition: In addition to preferring tasty food, students also wish for a variety of foods to choose from. III.Lack of variety is not a valid complaint. A. Every day, Food Service offers three entrees and a vegetarian meal, not to mention a salad bar option, breads, soups, and a dessert bar. B. Although Food Service serves a lot of chicken and fish, Myer Tempel says this is because students have requested healthier sources of protein. Conclusion: I. Through consistent efforts to charge students a low price, maintain fresh, tasty standards, and offer a wide variety of food, Campus Food Service is a fair, affordable way for students at the university to dine. II. We are just left with one problem: now that we know all the benefits of eating at Food Service, what are we going to complain about at dinner?

Lawford Electric Company Essay

Critical Summary This sale was Lawford’s to lose. Lawford Electric Company’s ongoing, 8-year relationship with Bayfield Milling Company, coupled with the geographic proximity of the two businesses, gave them a competitive advantage upon which they were unable to capitalize. The price tag of the drive system for which Lawford prepared a competitive bid represented more than 17 years of Bayfield’s average annual purchases from Lawford. ¹ Sales engineer Robert Allen’s approach was simplistic and his notes suggest an assumption that the $871,000 sale would be a slam dunk, largely due to the factors mentioned in the opening paragraph. Each of the three sentences which comprise Allen’s strategy reveals a flawed perception of his role. His strategy was centered only on key decision makers and his priorities were 1) emphasizing benefits and 2) â€Å"influencing the final specs† (pg. 3), rather than utilizing an inquisitive, collaborative approach to gain a genuine understanding of customer needs. Allen bombarded his contacts at Bayfield with specs, benefits, and pamphlets and regarded as trivial several potentially significant interactions. He made unfounded assumptions and, as a result of his focus on influencing the process, missed opportunities to explore and adequately address customer concerns. ² In addition, the number and frequency of calls and visits made by Allen to Bayfield seem relatively low considering the size of the contract. Lawford Electric did not win this contract because they lacked sufficient information to provide an ideal solution. Problem Statement Lawford Electric must ensure that its sales force has the training and support necessary to close sales using an approach whereby customer needs are fully explored. Suggested Alternatives Sustain Quandary Adoption of this strategy is to maintain the status quo at Lawford Electric. Elevate, Collaborate, and Evaluate Adoption of this strategy would see Lawford Electric â€Å"sharpen the saw†, i.e. provide training which would elevate the sales skills of its managers and sales force. Management and sales personnel would periodically analyze journal entries and perform collaborative, qualitative assessment of salespersons’ strategies, tactics, and results. Operation ‘86’ Adoption of this strategy would have Lawford Electric relieve Robert Allen and/or Fred Webster of their employment for letting this sale slip through their fingers. Choice Elevate, Collaborate, and Evaluate This is the best option because it is most likely to improve Lawford’s sales process, improve customer relationships, and increase sales. Benefits of this approach include the sharing of knowledge gained from collaborative analysis and the lessening of likelihood that costly missteps will be repeated. Implementation 1. Research and schedule sales training for staff. Estimated Time of Completion (ETC) 2 weeks 2. Schedule monthly meetings with each salesperson to discuss activity, providing for higher frequency of meetings for high-ticket bids or otherwise abnormal situations. ETC 2 days 3. A. Select sample of past cases from sales team. ETC After sales training B. Dissect and analyze 1 sample case ETC 1 week C. Disseminate findings to all employees of Lawford Electric. ETC 3 days D. Repeat with another case Conclusion Lawford Electric’s customer relationships and long-term revenue had likely been suffering as a direct result of the approach used in this case. Going forward, a focus on understanding customer needs will be integral to their success. APPENDIX 1. Bayfield’s â€Å"annual purchases from Lawford occasionally totaled as much as $50,000†. Proposed price of system: $871,000. 871,000/50,000 = 17.42 2. Examples include: 1.13.78 – Allen assumed that Gibson’s â€Å"pretty hard-nosed† comment pertained to cost. It is noted on 11.13.78 that Lorenz, â€Å"it turned out, was a stickler for attention to small details.† 3.14.78 –Upon learning of the Bayfield engineers’ downtime, Allen may have used this as a chance to gain access to them. The original reason given for their unavailability, on 1.13.78, was that they were busy working on problems with the new line. 5.30.78 – â€Å"Good-naturedly† dismissed an issue brought to his attention by the foreman regarding instability of a Lawford regulator. This represents a lost opportunity to create goodwill by discussing and working to address the issue. 7.17.78 – The last two sentences of this entry are potentially dangerous. Here, Allen made . 9.20.78 – He notes that Lorenz â€Å"asked very few additional questions† and â€Å"seemed sold on the Lawford benefits.† A lack of questions often indicates a lack of interest. The lack of questions is especially curious in this case, where the myriad technical details would seem to generate several questions and/or topics of discussion. 11.13.78 – Allen finds out that Lorenz is â€Å"a stickler for attention to small details,† which contradicts his earlier assumption that cost was paramount.

International marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International marketing - Assignment Example China’s exchange rate in the stock market is classified into two categories i.e. class A shares and class B shares. The class A type is only meant for Chinese citizens while the class B type is meant for non citizens. At the age group of 20-30 years, the productivity is highly available since ready and cheap labor is in place due to the overpopulation in china. This age group is the main backbone of the Chinese economy. They are the most industrious and active source of labor in the Chinese economy. Due to this, the government of China has been advocating for the end of rural to urban continuous migrations of its citizens. During the economic reforms revolution, this movement was allowed. Its main aim was to increase labor output since the economy was steadily growing fast and industrialization was also taking place. China’s most source of external income has been through foreign investments it undertakes in the developing and 3rd world countries .This investments have become the major source of economic growth in this countries. As a result of the labor china has been able to produce goods of high quality and quantity to enable efficiency thus maximizing the country’s output (Liu, 2007). ... In the last three centuries, China has been globally reinforcing its market. It has ventured in both developed and developing nations to market its commodities. This has been made easily successful through lowering of taxes on its products making them cheaper but wholesomely producing the products (Zhiyong & Zhibiao, n.d.). Diversification into wide variety of production and activities has contributed to its economic growth rating it to be the most economic secure nation. Constant date-to-date innovation and invention has also greatly contributed to China’s economic stability. The age bracket of 20 to 30 is the greatest percentage of Chinese population .This group is the labor in the market driving economy of each province .Due to better infrastructure like roads and electronic train transport services goods are easily transported from one region to another that might have not been widely developed in terms of infrastructure (Zhiyong & Zhibiao, n.d.) . In addition, the use of air transport has also enhanced the growth of Chinese economy globally to landlocked countries and regions where shipping might not take place. Modern invention of technologies such as use of the internet has also led to the speedy and spread of Chinese economy since the age racket of 20 and 30 frequently use the social sites to market their small-scale products (Mullner, 2005). Target market is the situation whereby producers come together as a group with the aim of marketing their products to specific consumers. Over the years, Chinese products have been regarded as among the best products in the world. Its customers have been able to purchase their products at lower costs saving

Lecture Synthesis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lecture Synthesis - Coursework Example This understanding is the central focus of the lecture. Managers in the global environment have to understand the diversity that characterizes both domestic and international markets. The lecture provides relevant information that allows managers and employees in the global environment to understand why business settings vary from one country to another. At a personal level, the lecture is important is important because it brings together different concepts that aid in the understanding of global business operations. For example, the lecture presents cultural differences as a critical factor in business. Cultural variations may not seem that important, but a business enterprise that fails to acknowledge cultural diversity faces a key operational challenge across the globe. In addition, the lecture sheds important insights about entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship and global economic progress are essentially intertwined, this highlights resonates with my personal drive, goal, and desire to own and operate a successful international enterprise. In this respect, this lecture focuses on central ideas and concepts that I find relevant and informative at a personal level. Additionally, the lecture outlines how the global business environment functions. From the operations of World Trade Organization to the actualization of agreements that promote free trade in America and beyond, such information shows just how complex yet successful global business has become. By understanding global business environment, I find it easy to comprehend the diversity and dynamism of the global political economy. As the lecture maintains, understanding the global environment is critical to the success of today’s management practices. Managing in a global environment is both interesting and challenging. For example, minimum wage continues to elicit mixed reactions in North America today. While some business enterprises in America support the move to increase minimum

Multicurrency decision Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Multicurrency decision - Speech or Presentation Example I would suggest that it is more prudent and viable to reject the offer, because there is a 71% probability to earn the amount of profit rather than the bank's offer.Question6HSBC'S offer for payment of $2,150,000 in return of revenue in local currency is a good offer because it gives Corvette an average return. In addition Corvette would directly change the types of liabilities and assets it holds, to enter into financial contracts and shift some of the IRR they have to other Companies or investors who are better capable to manage themQuestion7The Corvette's the sales manager is more risk averse because he is more opposing the risk because the future is uncertain and unpredictable with random occurrence therefore the known should be accepted. And if fluctuation happens further in exchange rates and the Company may loose a lot. Question8Management dead-lock: Like in the case of disagreement on whether to accept the HSBC offer, this may causes the Company to loose business.The bank des cribes its value at risk as the loss that happens at the 5th percentile of the unsure inflow. Regulatory bodies repeatedly make use of a slightly more complex adaptation of gap analysis to approximation the level of IRR banking institutions and for the whole banking industry.Question 9 The idea that money available at the three months' time is more   worthier than the same amount due   in the future to its potential earning capacity. This chief principle of finance maintains that the sooner money is received.

PATIENT SAFETY CULTURE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PATIENT SAFETY CULTURE - Essay Example At the same time, there are self-practicing doctors who provide independent medical services to patients who visit them on a regular basis and have less purchasing power. The issue of patient safety arises when the doctor wrongly prescribes a medicine to a patient which gives rise to further complications of the case. Likewise, in hospitals, the doctors wrongly input the data of the patient by way of non-standardized abbreviations that are against the rules of the hospital. These risks taken with a patient’s life can be life-threatening. Particularly, when a patient's record is mixed with another patient due to the use of non-standardized writing. In the recent decade, the issue of patient safety has been debated in the developed countries. In United Kingdom, the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) has been established to oversee the issue of patient safety and to develop tools to implement a patient safety culture in the hospitals and on individual basis. The NPSA aims to b ring into alignment the safety of patient with the objectives of the organizations (NPSA, 2012). To achieve this NPSA provides awareness sessions that focus on the developing capacity of the medical staff and doctors in each organization. Likewise, they create public awareness among the patients to understand the importance of patient safety and its impacts on their lives. ... information about the drug, directions for use, its side effects and any other important information that if not disclosed may result into serious situation for the patient. Claridge and Sandars (2007) highlighted that the hospitals can implement patient safety by giving due consideration to the patient’s history and other particulars before prescribing a drug. The decision to prescribe a particular drug to a patient should not be based upon precedent. Each patient is different and so is their medical history. Therefore, each patient should be prescribed a drug depending upon one’s disease, side effects, interactions, age and sex, etc. Likewise, Claridge and Sandars (2007) highlight that in case where the patient has been given a drug based on long-term should be regularly reviewed for any possible changes in their effect and dosage. Also, they recommend that in order to reduce the threats to the patient safety, it is important to provide proper education of such threat s to the patients. Thus, empowering them with the knowledge about how to ensure their safety. Spath (2002) argues that the patient safety culture is a part of every hospital and medical facility. The norms and conduct of the employees of the facility show the patient safety culture they exercise. However, Spath (2002) highlights that the culture is an on-going process which takes effect in the long-term and has a long-lasting impact. It takes time to change the culture and this culture change in the medical facilities can also be achieved with a proper procedure and systematic method. For instance, Spath (2002) postulated that the first step towards bring a culture change in the medical facility is through empowerment of the staff members instead of ensuring their involvement. For instance, the

Inter-relationship between Farm Level Agriculture and Global Warming Research Paper

Inter-relationship between Farm Level Agriculture and Global Warming - Research Paper Example A significant cultural issue facing the world in the present day is the connection between â€Å"global warming and economic policy† (Callan & Thomas, 2007, p.254). Scientists and economists have different views and opinions on this issue, where some give little importance to the complexities relating to the effects; others view the problem with serious concern reflecting consequences of disaster in the near future. Several proposals have been worked on to deal with greenhouse gases; proposals including â€Å"imposing taxes on fuels in proportion to their carbon dioxide content, emissions trading, and aggressive policy towards the development of clean technologies†. Agriculture is that part of the economy that is very susceptible to climate change and hence to global warming. Many countries have started importing regions of agriculture that they might need, a policy that has made the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of such countries to be less at risk to climate change. Ho wever, if climate change drastically agitates the agriculture, all countries are expected to experience the effect, even if their GDP is not dependent on agriculture. The policy of congregating agriculture in certain global regions has created greater concerns as the â€Å"lack of diversity† with small climate changes may actually affect the entire world as a whole (Grant, n.d.). In view of the economic growth and reserves of fossil fuels, estimations indicate that â€Å"global emissions† might show a rise from 6 billion tons of carbon to 20 billion tons till the year 2100 and 50 billion tons by the late 23rd century. According to different studies conducted, if this happens, the atmospheric absorptions of carbon could develop at much higher levels. The temperatures would increase worldwide. Effects of carbon fertilization which implies stimulation of plant growth by higher levels of carbon dioxide are sometimes believed to reduce the effect or

Reading summaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Reading summaries - Essay Example It can be defined that people who belong to poor environment are suffering from various illness more than those people who are living in healthy environment. To stay healthy people should maintain its surroundings in a healthy manner. As per my understanding, people should avoid smoking as it is injurious to health. Smoking is very dangerous for the human health and causes several health related issues in the long run. It is observed that people who are smoking are affected directly and people who are living in such a polluted atmosphere are indirectly getting affected by the smoke poison. It is stated that not only smoking but also passive smoking is injurious for health. The consumption of the alcohol is harmful for the human health as well. The consumption of alcohol in an excessive rate is harmful for the health as stated and analyzed (LeBesco, 2012). By reviewing the articles, I can determine that the author explains bout the medical view regarding various diseases, which are caused due to obesity or fats. As per the â€Å"New Public Health† it can be described that obesity is the main focus of the medical industry in the present day era. Author in her study explains about the significant responsibilities of the civilized people who belong to society. As per my understanding the author wants create awareness to maintain the environment clean for living healthy (LeBesco,

Banking System in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Banking System in America - Essay Example In the United States of America, separate financial regulatory structures are in place to regulate the Insurance and financial securities aspects of the banking sector at the State and the Federal level and. these regulatory agencies are controlled by the Federal government in conjunction with the State governments. In the United States of America, there are laws that are enacted to prevent money laundering, anti-terrorism laws, laws that are meant to prevent usury lending, anti-fraud and privacy laws, and laws to promote lending of money to people with small incomes, all this fall under the banking sector. This paper discusses the performance of the banking industry in America. In effectively discussing this aspect, this paper will give the industrial characteristics of the banking sector in United States of America. It will review the pricing, efficiency and profitability of the banksin America as well as analyze environmental factors that drive the Banking sector in America and th ereafter access there impacts. This paper seeks to answer the following questions, What are the industrial characteristics of the Banking sector in United States of America? How efficient is the banking system in United States of America in providing services to its people? What are the environmental factors that influence the performance of the banking system in America and what are its implications? The banking system in America is regulated by The National Banking acts of 1863 and 1864 and they are responsible for the creation of the banking system in the United States of America and any other legislation created, needs to be in accordance to this laws. This act promoted the development of a currency that could be used all over the United States of America and it supported withholding of bank assets which includes financial securities offered by the treasury of the United States of America. The National Banking Act recognizes the office of the treasury regulator whose role is to control the value of the United States currency and ensure that banks don’t collude to manipulate the American currency, the dollar. Banks in United States of America are characterized by the notion of relationship banking. This characteristic of the United States Banking system is for the purposes of maintaining profitability . Relationship banking refers to a situation where banks provide financial services through an intermediary. In the United States of America, banks practice these aspects of financial system. The main aim of banks in applying the principles of relationship banking is to enable them acquire information about a client to be used in the long run. These aspects of banking is important because it reduces the cost of gathering information about a client through many transactions and the information gathered, banks can use them to introduce other services in the economy and finally through this system of relationship banking, banks and their clients build a re putation through constant financial interactions and therefore facilitates negotiations of low cost loans. The American banking system is also characterized by emergence of private banks. American banking system allows expansion of commercial banks opened by individuals or companies. This was made possible by the requirements of The National banking act of 1863 which allowed competition in the

Violence in Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Violence in Schools - Essay Example Whether public or private, unfortunately, the rate of violence is schools is escalating. "School violence exists along a lengthy continuum, at one end marked by minor incidents involving everyday fighting, name-calling, bullying, and minor property destruction and at the other end marked by extortion, rape, homicide, and mass murder." (Gerler and Gerler, 2004, pg. xxxii) To asses the current problem of violence in schools it is necessary to know how big the problem is. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation the statistics for violence in schools and colleges reveals that "Of the 17,065,074 incidents reported through the NIBRS by law enforcement from 2000 to 2004, 558,219 (3.3 percent) occurred at schools." (Noonan and Vavra, 2007) The most offenders belonged to the 13 to 15 age group and the next highest number of offenders was in the 16 to 18 age group. "By looking at only those offenders for whom the age was known, offenders 18 years of age or younger were 4.5 times more likely to be involved in crime at schools than older offenders." (Noonan and Vavra, 2007) Looking at offenders according to gender it was presented that males were more likely to be offenders than females at a 3.3 ratio. In categorizing according to by race, "white offenders accounted for 71.1 percent (280,178); black offenders, 27.4 percent (107,878); and all other race s combined, less than 2 percent (6,117)." (Noonan and Vavra, 2007) Another factor important in understanding the reason why these crimes exist is to examine 'victim-to-offender relationship'. "By far, the relationship type most often reported for crime in schools was Acquaintance, with 107,533 instances occurring during the 5-year study period." (Noonan and Vavra, 2007) All of these statistics combined give us perspective into the current problem of why school violence takes place. It helps us target middle school and high school going children as the group of people who need most attention in battling this type of violence. It also reveals pertinent facts related to gender, race and relationship issues when violence is inflicted. Recently, the issue of violence in school has been getting a lot of attention from the media. The first big incident related to school violence committed by the generation Y's is Columbine where two students went around on a shooting rampage killing about 13 students and a teacher. The incident kindled a huge debate over the use of guns in America and became the inspiration for director Michael Moore documentary Bowling for Columbine. According to psychologist Arnold Lazarus violence occurs due to several reasons once of which is behavior. This aspect of his theory discusses the fact that certain kinds of behavior receive attention. "Extraordinary misbehavior, for example, often elicits significant attention from peers, from teachers and school administrators, and -in especially noteworthy cases- from the media." (Gerler and Gerler, 2004)On the other side of the coin, accomplishments in academia are sometimes not given as much importance. In other words, although school accomplishmen ts get attention they are

Student Accounting Essay Example for Free

Student Accounting Essay This paper addresses the way state funds are distributed to schools using ADA or ADM. It also addresses the advantage of using either one of these and equalizing the funds to maximize cost-quality relationships. It also focuses on preparing for changes in local area revenue and expenditures of a school district based on demographic and economic factors. Distributing state dollars to all the schools in the state is one of the most important jobs of the state department of education. There are several different ways in which the state department of education collects data to use in deciding how to allocate state dollars to public schools. The two most common methods that are used are ADA (average daily attendance) and ADM (average daily membership). These methods are sometimes refered to as pupil counting. ADA is the average total of students that are present during a certain time period. ADM is the average total of students that are on a class roll during a certain time period whether present or not. As the person in charge of distributing state dollars to all public schools, I can see how it would be easy to prefer the ADA method. The reason is simple. I would want the money going to the schools that actually have students that are present so the money would not be wasted. This would create a difference of opinion between state officials and school officials because, as an administrator of a school, I would prefer the ADM method. But, we are talking about public schools where every child is entitled to the same education. We cannot assume that a certain number of children will be absent from school a certain time period, therefore, not allocate money for them. This would be highly unfair, not only to these students , but to the schools who are have to educate children under funded. This happens enough as it is without state officials withholding state monies from certain schools. The advantage of using the ADA over the ADM is that you would get a more accurate number of students that are actually at school most of the time during the school year. Teachers would prefer the ADM method because they want the most money possible for their students. The problem with ADA is that the numbers don’t always paint a clear picture. In 1989 at a school in Alabama, a meningitis epidemic broke out. The CDC were called in and numerous students were in the hospital for over two weeks and from school up to a month. If the state was using the ADA method during this time period of the year, this particular school would not have anywhere close to accurate numbers. Whereas if the state was using the ADM method, the circumstances that caused the absences would not matter because these students were on the role of their teachers classes. The cost-equality debate goes back to the Coleman Report on Equality of Education Opportunity in 1966. Over the years opinions on the issue of how money allocated to schools affected student achievement has gone back and forth. Social scientist of national reputation have analyzed statistical findings on this issue and determined that money allocated to schools per student do not effect student performance on standardized test. Other issues such as home background account for the differences in student achievement. But, even with this information, public school children must receive the same monies per child to give them a chance to achieve and the teachers a chance to teach. I would give school systems in lower socioeconomic areas more money per child to even out the levels that some systems are able to provide extra. In preparing for changes in local areas, I would conduct studies on how past economic factors have changed the revenue and expenditures of a given school. In 2004, Alabama was in proration. There is a chance Alabama will be in proration again during the 2008-2009 year. Files that show how each school district were effected in 2004 should be studied to get an idea of what might happen again. Local economic factors also have to be taken into consideration. Industries open and close and this effects the schools and how much tax money they receive. Proration often leads to school closings and loss of teacher units and jobs. City systems , which receive lots more tax money are usually in a lot better shape than county schools who receive less. Our students in public education and what is best for them is what must be considered in all situations, good or bad. Appropriate accommodations must be made to insure that all students receive an opportunity for an equal education . References Hall, J(2003). ADA vs. ADM: More information is needed. Retrieved from http://www. buckeyeinstitute. org/article/344 McDermott, John E. (1974). The cost equality debate in school finance litigation. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/pss/1191046 North Carolina Public Schools. (no date given). Data Reports- Student Accounting. Retrieved from http://www. ncpublicschools. org/fbs/accounting/data

Feminist Perspective on the Family

Feminist Perspective on the Family A Woman/s Place Was in the Home: Has Feminism Finished the Family? Government debates and some religious discourse harks back to what Finch (1989) has described as the myth of a golden age of the family. Various studies on the family tend to suggest that in Western societies family forms have differed depending on wider social events such as the Industrial Revolution and also demographically. In England for example, family patterns in rural areas and in poor areas differ from those in more affluent areas. In poorer areas families are more likely to involve wider relationships such as grandparents and aunts and uncles. During the nineteenth century the idea of the nuclear family became the most prevalent. This is what is often referred to as the traditional family and the source of what have been called traditional values. It is this family form that has attracted the most criticism, especially from feminists. Even without a feminist critique there have been widespread experiences of changes in the UK and other Western countries during the last forty years concerning marriage, household, and family forms. These are changes that would have been unimaginable before the Second World War (Giddens, 2001). People wait longer before getting married and more people are less likely to marry than used to be the case. What has been called second wave feminism began in the 1960s. Many of its opponents argue that it is feminism which has led to a drop in the number of marriages, greater divorce rates among those who do marry, and a consequent rise in the number of single parent families. Before the late 1960s having a child out of wedlock was still a source of great social shame but during the closing years of the twentieth century the number women who had children but were not married continued to rise. Figures available for 1997 indicate that at that time this group made up 42% of all lone parent households (Social Trends, 2000). Although feminism has been cited as the cause of such changes, this criticism is based on the view that the â €˜traditional’ family was an eternal form until women challenged this view. This paper will begin with a definition of key concepts. It will then look at the concept and history of the family. It will examine the notion that a woman’s place was in the home until the advent of feminism. It will look at different family forms and then assess whether feminism has brought about the end of traditional ideas of the family. Family Murdock 1949 describes a family in the following way: The family is a social group characterized by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship, and one or more children, own or adopted, of sexually cohabiting adults (Murdock, 1949).[1] Family forms vary across societies but theorists maintain that the most prevalent form is the nuclear family described below. Larger family units are referred to as extended families. Feminism Women have argued for equal rights with men since the 18th Century when Mary Wollstonecraft (1792) wrote her Vindication of the Rights of Women. Other women followed in her stead, the most famous being the Pankhurst sisters and the suffragettes who fought for women’s right to vote (Abbott andWallace, 1997). Modern feminism began in the 1960s with the work of American writer Betty Frieden (1965) and this has come to be known as second wave feminism. Alister McGrath (1993) has written that, Feminism has come to be a significant component of modern western culture. At its heart, feminism is a global movement working towards the emancipation of women. The older term for the movement-womens liberation- expressed the fact that it is at heart a liberation movement directing its efforts toward achieving equality for women in modern society, especially through the removal of obstacles-including beliefs, values, and attitudes- which hinder that process (McGrath, 1993:111). The Concept and History of the Family The family is the primary place of socialization and the place where children are introduced to the norms and values of a given society (Talcott Parsons,1951). Parsons work referred to what has come to be known as the nuclear family. Nuclear families consist of parents and children living together, family members ostensibly provide mutual love and support. It is this support that enables individual family members to contribute to society and lead productive lives (Giddens, 2001). In the nuclear family one of the adults is employed outside the home and there should be an unrestricted sharing of income (Cheal, 1991).Theorists such as Murdock (1949 cited in Giddens, 2001) have argued that traditional concepts of the family are to be found in all societies and that the family is a necessary and central institution in society. Whether one regards traditional notions of the family as being pertinent to all societies depends largely on how the family is defined, certainly it might be argued that the nuclear model is no longer the norm in contemporary society. Willmott and Young (1957) undertook what has come to be regarded as one of the most important studies on the sociology of the family in Britain. The work investigated families and family life in East London during the 1950s. The study was undertaken at a time when housing policies and greater financial rewards meant that when a couple married they were able to set up home on their own. Increased geographical mobility also meant that many young couples lived a good distance from their families. As a consequence of this and the fact that more women were working outside the home it was argued that the division of labour in the home was changing, as more women went out to work so men would take on more domestic chores. Willmott and Young (1957) believed tha t the family would become a more democratic institution where work, finance, and family responsibilities were shared. Willmott and Young maintained that with the passing of time the family would become more symmetrical i.e. that the changing nature of men and women’s roles would mean that their family roles would become interchangeable (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). Feminists challenge this view Walby (1990) maintains that the family is still a site of oppression for women and that this is the place where their roles are perpetuated. Furthermore, feminist writers such as Abbott and Wallace (1997) have argued that the nuclear model of the family is too narrow. They also claim that such a concept neglects the fact that not all family members experience life in the same way, or receive equal measures of support. Goode (1963)argues that social systems such as the family, are powerful agents of control because to some extent their existence is founded on force. Within social systems such as the family this is often unrecognized, because it is hidden it is effective. Gittens (1992) is of the opinion that in modern Britain: Ideals of family relationships have become enshrined in our legal, social, religious and economic systems which, in turn, reinforce the ideology and penalise or ostracise those who transgress it (Gittens, 1992, p.74). The Family and Ideology In pre-industrial society most of the household chores were undertaken by children. There was little distinction between home and work, the private and public spheres, families generally worked the land and they did this together. The rise of industrialization and the growth of the towns brought massive changes to what had constituted the family and family life up until that time. Oakley (1981) maintains that the coming of the factories replaced the family as the unit of production. In 1819 the Factory Act was introduced and this resulted in the growing dependence of children, and also to women’s increased dependence on men and their restriction to the private sphere. During the 19th and early 29th Centuries there was a growing resistance to the employment of married women as wage earners. This was because working women were perceived as threatening to male employment and so there was pressure to keep them at home (Hacker, 1972). The nineteenth century witnessed the embedding of gender roles which were epitomized in men’s idealisation of the feminine. Women were seen to be both physically and emotionally weaker than men and therefore not suited to the same roles. The following is a rationalization for men’s idealistic views of women and why they were confined to the home. No woman can or ought to know very much of the mass of meanness and wickedness and misery that is loose in the wide world. She could not learn it without losing the bloom and freshness which it is her mission in life to preserve (Quoted in Hudson, 1970:53-4). Victorian ideology said that women were created to help men and this became the rationalization for their confinement to the home. To start with this primarily affected the middle classes, as the century progressed, however, the working classes were also subjected to this ideology. Oakley (1981) maintains that this had the effect of locking women into the housewife role, further cementing the growing ideology of gender roles. Murdock (1949 in Giddens, 2001) argued that gender roles are the natural result of the biological differences between men and women. Such differences, he maintained, made the sexual division of labour the most sensible way of organising society. This view became endemic in society and has affected much Government policy. When Margaret Thatcher came to power in 1979 the Conservatives were calling themselves the party of the family. They maintained that people should be discouraged from cohabitation or from homosexuality and supported the patriarchal nuclear famil y where the father was the person to enforce behavioural standards. Even though single parent families, extended families and reconstituted families were becoming more prevalent at the time these were not regarded as the norm or as desirable (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). Barrett and McIntosh (1980) have argued that ideas centred on a man being able to earn enough to support a family benefited the capitalist economy and the working man at the expense of women. They maintain that this idea of a family wage is still embedded in society and has been a major aspect of women’s inequality with men. The idea that a man was entitled to earn a family wage but women were not has meant that women have, (and still do in a number of areas) earn less than men. Furthermore, the low pay which accompanies what is often termed ‘women’s work’ means that women’s choices are restricted and their economic power within marriage has been reduced. Changing Work Patterns Even though there had been widespread resistance towards women working outside the home Oakley (1981) maintains that this began to change after the first World War, and between 1914 and 1950 the number of women working outside the home showed a steady increase. In spite of this their primary role was still seen in terms of being a housewife. Since the 1960s women have been struggling to achieve participation in paid employment which is equal to that of men. This has been the case for women from all walks of life (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). These struggles resulted in the introduction of the Equal Pay Act in 1970 which meant that women were entitled to the same pay as men if they were doing the same job. In 1975 it became illegal under the Sex Discrimination Act to discriminate against women in education, in employment, and in the provision of goods. The European Court demanded a strengthening of the Equal Pay Act in Britain in 1982. This was followed by a further amendment in 1984 wh ich allowed that women were entitled to the same pay as men in their organisations providing they could prove that their work involved the same kinds of decision making and skills as their male counterparts. Women should have equal access and an equal chance for promotion. Some jobs were regarded as outside the confines of the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act e.g. only women could work in a women’s refuge (Haralambos et al 2000). Feminist Criticisms of the Family Since the 1970s and 80s the main sociological focus on families has been concerned with the experiences of women and children, furthermore, the highlighting of these experiences has generated a growth in awareness that the family is an ideological form that does not always work in everyone’s best interests. Feminists have highlighted the fact that for centuries women have been the subordinate sex in society and that this subordination is largely a result of their biology i.e. the fact that they have been born women rather than men. Feminists maintain that there is a disjuncture between women’s experiences of being in a family as wives and mothers and ideologies of domesticity. For a long time many women have felt extremely dissatisfied with the role ascribed to them once they are married and it was this dissatisfaction that Betty Friedan (1965) was seeking to express when she referred to the experience of American housewives in the 1960s as suffering from ‘the pro blem that has no name’. For some women the ideal of family life is seen as desirable, but their experiences within their own families, falls far short of that ideal (Stanley and Wise, 1983). The gender roles that women have been assigned are constructed on the basis of this biological difference rather than such roles being innate (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). Gender roles are socially constructed and reinforced through the family and the education system. This is done through the different ways that authority figures have of relating to boys and girls, and the fact that there is a tendency to give girls dolls and tea sets, and to give boys toy cars and construction sets (Firestone, 1971). However, Connell (1987) has argued that this view tends to ignore the capacity of individuals to accept or reject the social expectations that are embedded in gender roles. Thus Connell maintains that boys and girls may choose elements from each others roles e.g. the tendency of some girls to become involved in competitive sports, and boys dressing in drag when alone. Connell (1987) has said that this may result in males and females building themselves a fantasy life that is in contradic tion to their public actions, thus gender roles can be interchangeable. Feminists have also pointed out that gender socialization is evident in a hidden curriculum in the education system where books that represent males and females in ‘traditional’ roles reinforce the view that men and women have different paths in life. Until the late 1980s girls were less likely than boys to achieve the requisite number of A levels to enter university. In recent years the focus has tended to be on the growing underachievement of boys because girls are matching or exceeding boys across the curriculum and thus there are more women entering higher education. This does not, however, give them much advantage in the job market where they are disadvantaged in comparison with males who have the same qualification levels (Epstein, et al, 1998). Despite these things Moore (2002), maintains that things are changing, men are taking on more domestic responsibility than they were 20 years ago and often have a much greater involvement with their children than in the past. This has gained official recognition through the introduction of parental leave. In the past, although mothers were entitled to maternity leave, fathers did not have paternity leave. Parental leaves allows both parents to legitimate time off, however, unless men have sympathetic employers, this leave is unpaid and so often not taken. Changes within families has also meant (as mentioned earlier) that the structure of the family itself is changing. As it has already been noted, women’s subordination increased with the rise of industrialisation and the separation between public and private spheres (Oakley 1981). The continuing erosion of this distinction over the latter half of the 20th Century has been a significant factor in the changing nature of the family. There are a number of forces at work in the decline of what has been called the traditional family. Feminists have highlighted these changes while at the same time exposing the unequal power relationships that exist within society and within the family (Harding, 1987, Walby, 1986). They relate this inequality to the patriarchal nature of society. Rich (1976) has argued that patriarchy is a social and ideological system where men determine the roles that women should or should not play in society. Oakley (1981 and Pahl (1983)[2] have cited the division of roles, both within the family, and in the wider society, as a major site of oppression for women. Traditionally the man has been seen as the breadwinner once children arrive and this puts the woman at a disadvantage as research has shown that there is a relationship between money, power and inequality (Vogler, C and Pahl, J.1999)[3]. Because the family has been seen as the primary site of socialization (Parsons, 1951), it is also a useful place for social conditioning where obedience to authority lays the foundation for the submissive workforce that capitalism requires. Delphy (1977) has argued that gender differences are socially constructed and they tend to serve the interests of the dominant groups in society. Delphy further contends that women should be treated as a separate class because the categories of man and woman are not biological, but political and economic categories. Therefore women form a class who are exploited by men, and this is particularly evident in the nuclear family. Thus, Delphy writes: While the wage-labourer sells his labour power, the marrie woman gives hers away; exclusivity and non-payment are intimately connected. To supply unpaid labour within the framework of a universal and personal relationship (marriage) constructs primarily a relationship of slavery (Delpy, 1977:15). Marxist feminists argue that while Marxism may give an explanation of exploitation by the capitalist system it does not explain the inequalities between women and men, as Delphy (1977) maintains gender and sexual inequality should be the fundamental categories of feminist analysis. Marxism alone does not explain for example why women should be seen as responsible for household tasks and capitalism could just as easily still profit if men stayed at home The Community Care Act of 1990 has imposed further responsibilities on women in the role of informal carers, this places considerable stress on women’s health, particularly as nowadays many women who have a family also work outside the home. Dalley (1988) argues that much Government’s policy making, particularly the idea of community care is based on outmoded notions of the ideal family, where most married women do not go out to work, and b) it is the woman’s duty to assume the caring role. Under such circumstances it is widely assumed that the caring that women do in the home is a natural part of women’s role within the family even though many more women work than used to be the case. Changing Family Structures Since the Second World War there has been a dramatic rise in women’s participation in the workforce, although a lot of this has been part-time employment. The 1991 Census shows that the workforce was 47% women although there were regional and ethnic variations and single women are more likely to be employed than are married women. This is largely because women’s participation in the labour market is affected by their domestic responsibilities (Abbott and Tyler, 1995). Many women spend time out of the labour market when they have young children and then may work part time while children are at school only returning to full employment when their children are older. Few women have continuous careers as a result of their domestic responsibilities. Although child care arrangements do have an effect on women’s working patterns, lack of proper child care is not the only reason women do not participate more fully in the workplace. For example, while the number of women i n work has continued to rise only a third of single mothers with young children are economically active (HMSO, 1999). This is due to the fact that, despite Government initiatives such as Sure Start Centres, most lone mothers do not have either sufficient extra support to return to the workplace, or can only take low paid work which may leave them worse off than they were on benefits. In addition to this the welfare system was formed on the basis that the traditional nuclear family, with a man at its head, should be the norm. It is not, therefore, set up to deal with the increasing number of single parent households (Moore, 2002). Government continued concentration on the notion of the traditional family, tends to make single parent families appear as deviant, when in fact this type of family has become more prevalent as have other family forms. Gittins (1993) maintains that there are a wide variety of domestic relationships and that although relationships may be universal, the can take an infinite variety of forms. Besides the nuclear family there is the extended family, often a feature of minority ethnic groups. There are also many single parent families, whether through death, divorce or choice. Second marriages that often result in what is known as reconstituted families, e.g. where one or both partners have children from other relationships, are also becoming more prevalent. The last twenty years have also seen a rise in the number of people living together, or cohabiting, without the bonds of marriage. Different family relationships are also more evident due to the different ethnic groupings that now make up the UK (Giddens, 2001). Different attitudes towards those people who are not heterosexual has meant that an increasing number of gay and lesbian men and women now choose to live together as couples, and may or may not have children.[4] According to Hartley-Brewer (1999) contends that the family (as we have known it) is evolving, rather than the emphasis being on mother and father it should be on nurturing parents of whatever sex. It might therefore be argued that the home may soon cease to be the specific place for women and could become the place for dependent children and caregiver, who may not necessarily be a biological parent. Conclusion This assignment has looked at the concept and history of the family and at feminist criticisms. As noted earlier an increasing number of families are matriarchal or matrifocal, this is often the case in Caribbean families. This has generated debates about whether fatherless families are the source of an increasing number of social problems. Dennis and Erdos (1992) maintain that without adult examples of the proper conduct in relationships the children from families with absent fathers will not have the ability to become effective members of a social group. It is further argued that if a boy grows up without a father present then he will struggle to be a successful parent himself. Blankenhorn (1995) has argued that the high divorce rates of Western nations does not mean simply the absence of fathers from the home but the erosion of the idea of fatherhood, and that this will have lethal consequences. Fukuyama (1997) maintains that the roots of the disruption of society and of the tradi tional family can be attributed to the rising numbers of female employment. This, he argues, changes men’s perceptions of women, they now perceive women a being more capble and independent and thus able to care for a child without a man’s help. It is Fukuyama’s (1997) contention that the emancipation of women can lead to the further abdication of responsibility by men. Clearly a number of social and historical forces have contributed to the changing nature of the family. Many of these forces have been highlighted in feminist work, whether or not feminism has brought about the death of the family is a matter of opinion. On the evidence presented above it might be argued that feminism itself was the result of social, historical, and economic processes and it is these processes, rather than feminism, that is changing our view of what constitutes a family. Bibliography Abbott and Wallace, 1997 An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives. London, Routledge Abbott and Tyler 1995 Ethnic variation in the female labour force: a research note†in British Journal of Sociology 46 pp 330-353 Allan, Graham and Crow, Graham 2001 Families, Households and Society: Basingstoke: Palgrove Barrett and Mcintosh 1980 â€Å"The family wage: Some problems for socialists and Feminists† Capitlalism and Class 11 pp51-72 Blankenhorn, D 1995 Fatherless America New York, Basic Books Cheal,m D 1991 The Family and the State of Theory Hemel Hempstead, Harvester, Wheatsheaf Connell, R. 1987 Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics Cambridge, Polity Coontz, S, and Henderson, P. eds. 1986. Women’s Work, Men’s Prosperity. London, Verso. Crow, G. and Hardey, M. 1992 â€Å"Diversity and ambiguity among lone-parent households in Modern Britain† in Marsh, C. and Arber, S. eds 1992 Families and Households: Divisions and Change. London, Macmillan. Dalley, G. 1988 Ideologies of caring: Rethinking Community and Collectivism London, Macmillan Delphy, C 1977 The Main Enemy London, Women’s Research and Resource Centre Dennis, N and Erdos, G 1992 Families without Fatherhood London, IEA Health and Welfare Unit Epstein et al 1998 Failing boys: Issues in Gender and Achievement Buckingham, OUP Finch, J 1989 Family Obligartions and Social Change Cambridge, Polity Press Firestone, S. 1971 The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution London, Cape Friedan, B 1965 The Feminist Mystique, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth Fukuyama F. 1997 The End of Order London, Social Market Foundation Giddens, A. 2001 4th edition. Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press. Gittens, D. 1993 The Family in Question: Changing households and familial ideologies London, Macmillan Goode w. 1963 World Revolution and Family Patterns New York, Free Press Graham, H. 1993 Hardship and Health in Women’s Lives Hemel Hempstead, Harvester/Wheatsheaf Hacker, H. 1972 â€Å"Women as a Minority Group† in Glazer-Malbin and Waehrer eds. 1972. Woman in a Man-Made World. Chicago, Rand-Mcnally Haralambos,M. Holborn, M. and Heald, R.2000. 5th ed. Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. London, Harper Collins. Hartley-Brewer, J. 1999†Gay couple will be legal parents† Guardian 28th October 1999 Hartmann, H. 1981. â€Å"The unhappy marriage of Marxism and feminism: toward a more progressive union† in Sargent, L. ed. 1981 The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: A Debate on Class and Patriarchy. London, Pluto Press HMSO 1999 Social Trends 29 London, HMSO Hudson, K., 1970. The Place of Women in Society. London, Ginn. McGrath, A 1993 Modern Christian Thought, Blackwell, Oxford Moore, S 2002 Social Welfare Alive (3rd ed) Cheltenham, Nelson Thorne Murdock, G. 1949. Social Structure. New York, Macmillan. Oakley, A. 1981. Subject Women. Oxford, Martin Robinson Parsons, T. and Bales, R. 1955. Family, Socialisation, and Interaction Process. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press Parsons, T. 1951 The Social System New York, The Free Press Stanley and Wise 1983 Breaking Out London, Routledge Walby, S 1986 Patriarchy at Work, Cambridge, Polity. Walby,S. 1990. Theorising Patriarchy. Blackwell, Oxford. Walby,S. 1997. Gender Transformations. London, Routledge Willmott and Young 1957 Family and Kinship in East London London, Harmondsworth Wollstonecraft, M 1792 The Disenfranchisement of Women, in Schneir, M (ed.) 1996 The Vintage Book of Historical Feminism, Vintage, London 1 Footnotes [1] Quoted in Haralambos and Holborn, 2000:504 no page given for Murdock quote. [2] Cited in Abbott and Wallace 1997 ibid. [3] Ditto [4] Either through the adoption process, artificial insemination, or an earlier heterosexual relationship

Management And The Body Shop Essay -- essays research papers fc

Management and The Body Shop In this paper I will be taking a look at basic management functions. The approaches, and the synthesis of two views of management. I will attempt to take an overview of culture and its effect on a company. In today's changing global environments many companies have joined the open trade policies, and existing foreign opportunities available to growing companies with positive views and socially responsible attitudes. It all sounds like a lot to cover in a short essay so I will introduce a company that has in its short, yet very successful existence transformed through all the levels and practices mentioned above. The company is called "The Body Shop", I hope you have heard of it for that would make our journey through it's development even more enjoyable. Management is described as the process of getting activities with and through other people. This philosophy has been so widely examined that there are literally millions of opinions and differing views on the subject. We will only be examining the functions of management where the basics of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling apply to The Body Shop. In 1976 an inexperienced Anita Roddick got tired of unsubstantiated Management and The Body Shop claims of the cosmetics industry that their products couldn't deliver. She decided to make a decision that would change her life forever. Anita became a manager of her own small business in Brighton England. Selling the natural secrets found throughout the world; learned from extensive travel while employed as a teacher with the U.N., she created a cottage industry of exotic personal body care products. Planning proved to be the first big obstacle to learn in the road to efficient management. Taking care of buying from around the world for her special products had plunged Anita into a frightening and difficult role that she needed help with. Anita organized her financial burdens by taking on an investor Ian McGlinn, in turn giving him a 50 percent stake in the business. Furthermore she sold the name The Body Shop to personal recruits, carefully lead and controlled by her own philosophies and ideals. Anita had become an ideal example of the classic top level manager taking on the responsibility of decision, communication, and information needed to project her company as a serious competitor, ready for today's gl... ...e locations for Canada - BC. If interested, the Body Shop Web Site can be located at: http://www.the-body-shop.com/contents.html In conclusion, The Body Shop has a very effective style of management with Anita Roddick still in control of the planning, leading, organizing, and making decisions for all the franchise stores. The general management views and culture are responsive to the needs of their employees and their customers. The Body Shop is a multinational company that is a pioneer in the foreign trade department. Bibliography Stephen P. Robbins and Robbin Stuart-Kotze Management Canadian Fourth Edition (Prentice - Hall INC., ONT., 1994) pg. 15-142 Keegan, Moriarty, Duncan, Paliwoda Marketing Candian Edition (Prentice - Hall INC., ONT., 1995) pg. 738-48 William G. Nickels, James M. McHugh, Susan M. McHugh, Paul D. Berman Understanding Canadian Business (Richard D. Irwin, INC., 1994) pg. 199- 411 Dr. Kent E. Curran [kecurran@unccvm.uncc.edu] MGMT 3140 - Management Concepts and Practices (http://unccvm.uncc.edu/~ ~kecurran/lect-02.htm; August 25, 1996.) Management And The Body Shop Essay -- essays research papers fc Management and The Body Shop In this paper I will be taking a look at basic management functions. The approaches, and the synthesis of two views of management. I will attempt to take an overview of culture and its effect on a company. In today's changing global environments many companies have joined the open trade policies, and existing foreign opportunities available to growing companies with positive views and socially responsible attitudes. It all sounds like a lot to cover in a short essay so I will introduce a company that has in its short, yet very successful existence transformed through all the levels and practices mentioned above. The company is called "The Body Shop", I hope you have heard of it for that would make our journey through it's development even more enjoyable. Management is described as the process of getting activities with and through other people. This philosophy has been so widely examined that there are literally millions of opinions and differing views on the subject. We will only be examining the functions of management where the basics of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling apply to The Body Shop. In 1976 an inexperienced Anita Roddick got tired of unsubstantiated Management and The Body Shop claims of the cosmetics industry that their products couldn't deliver. She decided to make a decision that would change her life forever. Anita became a manager of her own small business in Brighton England. Selling the natural secrets found throughout the world; learned from extensive travel while employed as a teacher with the U.N., she created a cottage industry of exotic personal body care products. Planning proved to be the first big obstacle to learn in the road to efficient management. Taking care of buying from around the world for her special products had plunged Anita into a frightening and difficult role that she needed help with. Anita organized her financial burdens by taking on an investor Ian McGlinn, in turn giving him a 50 percent stake in the business. Furthermore she sold the name The Body Shop to personal recruits, carefully lead and controlled by her own philosophies and ideals. Anita had become an ideal example of the classic top level manager taking on the responsibility of decision, communication, and information needed to project her company as a serious competitor, ready for today's gl... ...e locations for Canada - BC. If interested, the Body Shop Web Site can be located at: http://www.the-body-shop.com/contents.html In conclusion, The Body Shop has a very effective style of management with Anita Roddick still in control of the planning, leading, organizing, and making decisions for all the franchise stores. The general management views and culture are responsive to the needs of their employees and their customers. The Body Shop is a multinational company that is a pioneer in the foreign trade department. Bibliography Stephen P. Robbins and Robbin Stuart-Kotze Management Canadian Fourth Edition (Prentice - Hall INC., ONT., 1994) pg. 15-142 Keegan, Moriarty, Duncan, Paliwoda Marketing Candian Edition (Prentice - Hall INC., ONT., 1995) pg. 738-48 William G. Nickels, James M. McHugh, Susan M. McHugh, Paul D. Berman Understanding Canadian Business (Richard D. Irwin, INC., 1994) pg. 199- 411 Dr. Kent E. Curran [kecurran@unccvm.uncc.edu] MGMT 3140 - Management Concepts and Practices (http://unccvm.uncc.edu/~ ~kecurran/lect-02.htm; August 25, 1996.)

General Othello in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

     Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare gave us a most moving drama in Othello. In this play we witness the demise of a â€Å"paragon† of a wife and a â€Å"valiant Moor†, Othello. Let us consider the Moor in detail, with professional critical input, in this essay. From the text of the play a number of clues can be gleaned which round out the description of the general. In William Shakespeare: The Tragedies, Paul A. Jorgensen describes the general in Othello: Though scarcely the â€Å"barbarian† (1.3.353) he is called, the Moor is emphatically black, probably rough, even fearsome, in appearance, and a foreign mercenary from Mauritania in refined Venice. Though of royal blood, since the age of seven he had a restrictive, painful life, being sold into slavery and spending most of his life in â€Å"the tented field† (1.3.85). His â€Å"occupation† (3.3.357), to a degree found in no other Shakespearean hero, is war. He can therefore speak of the great world little â€Å"more than pertains to feats of broil and battle† (1.3.87). But that he loves the gentle Desdemona, he would to have given up a life of unsettled war and his â€Å"unhoused free condition / †¦ For the sea’s worth† (1.2.26-27). (58)    The first appearance of the protagonist is in Act 1 Scene2, where Iago is pathologically lying about Brabantio and himself and the ancient’s relations with the general and about everything in general. Othello responds very coolly and confidently to the pressing issue of Brabantio’s mob coming after him: â€Å"Let him do his spite. / My services which I have done the signiory / Shall out-tongue his complaints.† However, Cassio’s party approaches first, with a demand for the general’s â€Å"haste-post-haste appearance† before the Venetian council due to the Turkish attempt on Cyp... ... rises to the occasion and refutes the lies of her husband – at the price of her life. Her martyr-like example inspires Othello to sacrifice his life next to the corpse of Desdemona; for he â€Å"Like the base Judean, threw a pearl away / Richer than all his tribe [. . .] .† He dies a noble death, just as he has lived a noble life. Michael Cassio’s evaluation of his end is our evaluation: â€Å"This did I fear, but thought he had no weapon; / For he was great of heart.†       WORKS CITED    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.    Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985.   

The Power And The Glory By Graham Greene :: essays research papers

The Power and the Glory by Graham Greene It is the story-teller's task to elicit sympathy and a measure of understanding for those who lie outside the boundaries of State Approval. I. One day I gave The Power and the Glory to... a native of Mexico who had lived through the worst persecutions... She confessed that your descriptions were so vivid, your priest so real, that she found herself praying for him at Mass. I understand how she felt. Last year, on a trip through Mexico, I found myself peering into mud huts, through village streets, and across impassible mountain ranges, half-believing that I would glimpse a dim figure stumbling in the rain on his way to the border. There is no greater tribute possible to your creation of this character - he lives. An excerpt from the letter of Californian Catholic teacher to Graham Greene, 1960 In a particular Mexican state the Church had been outlawed and the priests had to go underground by the threat of being shot. After several months from the governor's office appeared a news, that there was still one priest, Father Montez, who was moving from village to village working on the Church by administering the sacraments, listening confessions and saying masses. A young lieutenant of police, and ardent revolutionist and an anti-clerical, asked his chief to let him search for the priest who, as the authorities understood it, was guilty of treason. Two photographs were pasted up together in police station. One was the picture of an American bank robber who killed several police officers in Texas; the other was that of the priest. No one noticed the irony, including the young lieutenant, who was more interested in arresting the priest. When the officer received permission to look for Father Montez, the priest was already in the village, where he came to get aboard the boat that would take him in the city Vera Cruz and safety. In the village he met Mr. Tench, old dentist who wanted somebody to speak English with. But before Father Montez could get aboard the boat news came to him that an Indian woman was dying several miles inland. True to the call, the priest sat on the mule and went to administer the last rites to the dying woman, even though he realized that he might not find another ship to carry him to safety. There was one other priest in the region, Father Jose. But Father Jose was so coward, that he renounced the church up to the point of taking a wife, a shrewish old woman. The authorities paid no attention to him at all, for they The Power And The Glory By Graham Greene :: essays research papers The Power and the Glory by Graham Greene It is the story-teller's task to elicit sympathy and a measure of understanding for those who lie outside the boundaries of State Approval. I. One day I gave The Power and the Glory to... a native of Mexico who had lived through the worst persecutions... She confessed that your descriptions were so vivid, your priest so real, that she found herself praying for him at Mass. I understand how she felt. Last year, on a trip through Mexico, I found myself peering into mud huts, through village streets, and across impassible mountain ranges, half-believing that I would glimpse a dim figure stumbling in the rain on his way to the border. There is no greater tribute possible to your creation of this character - he lives. An excerpt from the letter of Californian Catholic teacher to Graham Greene, 1960 In a particular Mexican state the Church had been outlawed and the priests had to go underground by the threat of being shot. After several months from the governor's office appeared a news, that there was still one priest, Father Montez, who was moving from village to village working on the Church by administering the sacraments, listening confessions and saying masses. A young lieutenant of police, and ardent revolutionist and an anti-clerical, asked his chief to let him search for the priest who, as the authorities understood it, was guilty of treason. Two photographs were pasted up together in police station. One was the picture of an American bank robber who killed several police officers in Texas; the other was that of the priest. No one noticed the irony, including the young lieutenant, who was more interested in arresting the priest. When the officer received permission to look for Father Montez, the priest was already in the village, where he came to get aboard the boat that would take him in the city Vera Cruz and safety. In the village he met Mr. Tench, old dentist who wanted somebody to speak English with. But before Father Montez could get aboard the boat news came to him that an Indian woman was dying several miles inland. True to the call, the priest sat on the mule and went to administer the last rites to the dying woman, even though he realized that he might not find another ship to carry him to safety. There was one other priest in the region, Father Jose. But Father Jose was so coward, that he renounced the church up to the point of taking a wife, a shrewish old woman. The authorities paid no attention to him at all, for they

Flare Case

Subject: Flare Fragrance Recommendation Background: Flare was founded in 1955 as a small manufacturer of women’s fragrances. Over a period of time, Flare has dominated the fragrance market, generating 9. 5% of the total women’s fragrance market and had grown in to a No. 4 player in the U. S women’s fragrances market. Flare has released 6 brands in the market namely Loveliest, Awash, Summit, Essential, Swept Away and Natural. Economic crisis has impacted Flare’s market share. Sales in 2007 were 12% and by 2008, the estimate was only 2% growth.Flare’s goal for 2009 was to generate $7. 5 million in incremental revenue and reverse declining sales trend. Recommendation: Flare should promote Natural with loveliest umbrella in 18-34 years age range and expand its efforts in the drug store channel. Rationale: 1. Natural fits Flare’s portfolio, both financially and strategically. Promoting Natural with loveliest umbrella will benefit Flare to meet its target sales numbers for 2009. Loveliest brand was introduced in 1975 and it still holds a strong equity in the market.It is positioned as a classic scent in the older age group. These customers will serve as evangelist and contribute to the promotion of Natural brand. As a result of the focus group sessions (ex 5), Projected sales for 2008 for Natural is $9. 1MM(ex 1). Based on forecasted numbers in table1, expected sales for 2009 could be $10. 15MM. Keeping the same communication budget from 2008 of 2. 7 MM to Natural in 2009 (exhibit 4), the expected revenue from Natural would be around 7. 45MM (table 2). 2.Natural is a recent launch under the loveliest umbrella and it is reaching slightly younger demographic, who are looking for the environmentally safer products or so called â€Å"green product† (page# 2). Natural is currently positioned as a chic brand in the younger age group (ex 3). 18-34 year age group women are highly brand aware with sensitivity to premium and pre stige brands and word of mouth is influential for this age group(ex 5). Promoting Natural in the slightly younger age group will benefit Flare’s overall sales. 3.Arlmont’s review of current recession era (page#3), shows that mid-tier and premium brands will be increasingly available in the mass channels. Market development strategy can be used to expand Natural in the drug store. As a result of the focus group sessions (ex 5), 20% of customers shop at the drug store. Flare’s sales at the drug store do not mirror overall market and there is a potential for expansion in that space. Drug store chains have evolved over time and some of them also have high end features like on-site aestheticians to assist shoppers in selecting a particular brand.With the current economic conditions, customer with 18-34 yrs age group would get directed to the drug stores in search of cheaper prices. Placing free samples of Natural in the drug stores and Natural testers in the point of purchase will generate trial. Based on the information from table 3, after increasing the % allocation in drug store for Natural from 0. 5% to 2. 5% in (ex 1), the flare factory sales for 2009 will increase from 9. 1MM to 11. 3 MM. Additional 1. 15 MM can be spent on promotional budget for point of sale samples, expected revenue from natural can be 7. 45MM. Risk: 1.Drugstores would typically sell only Flare’s highest turnover items, which might damage Flare’s relationship with other retail accounts. 2. It can be difficult to position Natural in the 18-34 age group with the loveliest umbrella as women in this age group can perceive loveliest as a classic brand. Table 1 | Natural brand Sales forecast| 2006| 2007| 2008| 2009| 7|   Not available| 9. 1| 10. 15| 2009 sales figures are forecasted based on the % sales increase from 2006 to 2009. Table 2| | Natural brand| 2009 – expected factory sales(MM)| 10. 15| 2009 – communication budget(MM)| 2. 7| Incremen tal revenue| 7. 45| Table3

Health promotion Essay

The 21st century poses astronomic challenges for public wellness, with environmental threats, cultural mixed bag and an ever aging population. The role of health advance is as important as ever, at bottom this assignment I leave entirely look at the issues we face and the techniques employ to alter public perception and demeanor. mavin definition widely highlighted from the ball health Organisation stirs that health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well up being (WHO 1947). This definition encompasses the indicators of poor health but does seem to view health as something that is quite conventional and static. This arsehole be contrasted to a definition from Parsons who defines health as the state of optimum sk inauspicious for an individual(a) for the effective performance of the roles and tasks for which they arrive at been socialised (Parsons 1971). Here we are reckon health as something principal(prenominal)tained to the measure need ed for us to perform our lifestyles. wellness progress is of great apprehension non only for the NHS but also galore(postnominal) other groups that are involved in health bid such as social, environmental and welfare practices. At its gist is the intention of empowering individuals and communities to allow greater keep of their health by providing information, education and support. veer methods and strategies are used to variegate volumes perceptions of health, with the aim of working toward the unveiling of unfalteringer communities and improved future health for all. The health belief sticker emphasises the function of beliefs and perceptions in human finding do. Originally substantial by Rosenstock in 1966 it looks to predict patterns in health behaviour, such as willingness to touch in vaccinations and act upon health advice. It give nonices that the factors that dominate an individual changing their behaviour are based around an assessmentof how viable chan ge is and the benefits provided. It puts forward the idea that spate need relevance or a trigger to initiate decision fashioning (Naidoo, Wills 1994). This mystify incorporates Banduras concept of self-efficacy. This suggests that an individual must believe they have the capableness and insight to see an intended behaviour change finished (Bandura 1991).The empowerment model seeks to expand the individuals cleverness to control their own health. This model facilitates a move toward change by expression an individuals thought of cost and identity, allowing them to indentify their own health concerns (Naidoo, Wills 1994). It aims to develop decision making and problem solving skills, giving the individual the tools needed to see changes through with independent thought and action. This model dirty dog be real effective for child wish well pile who some ages struggle to form independent decisions and are susceptible to comrade and environmental pressures. on that point is a strong relationship amidst employment and health. The main prohibit being occupational ill health, this hind end be an issue for many an(prenominal) plurality working within manual(a) job roles, as well as throng working in stressful high pressure environments. Its shown that having short or no control over work processes and being in abase positions can contribute to ill health (Marmot et al 2006). Unemployment is of a greater luck to ill health than employment, moving people into work can be seen as a health promotion in its own right. Employment brings higher(prenominal) lifespan standards, more disposable income, improved faith and wellbeing. Gender is still a large de stipulationinant, men generally work in more manual roles and take poorer care of their health overall. Loosing work can genuinely double the risk of a set aged man dying within the following five years. Evidently in that location are strong links between employment and mens wellbeing. manp ower over the age of 65 are also three and a one-half times more at risk of developing coronary heart indisposition than women (DH, 1998). Mens life forethought still lags potty that of women and within atomic number 63 there are large inequalities in life prevision. These differences are greatest in men, where as the difference between the best(p) and worst countries for male life expectancy is 17 years, for women it is 12 (BBC, 2013). Clearly there are health inequalities within sex that need to be addressed.The promotional tug stoptober is put rightly targeted toward working classes the majority of the subjects conceive of are in uniforms that are associated with refuse paid roles. There is evidence tosuggest that ingest related deaths are higher amongst poorer social classes (ASH, 2006). The branding used is very simple and appeals to peoples logic through the use planning, note making and goals toward quitting. This appeals to the individual and gives a greater sen se of empowerment and own(prenominal) contact in the process of creating change. The course seems to utilise the stages of change model, the process is broken down into stages and encourages involvement in the planning process. Initially load-bearing(a) the participant to write down why they are taking part (contemplation) and past take part in a planning process (preparing to change) along with evaluate extra support (Prochaska, DiClemente 1992). Evidence from studies shows that when people are involved in a planning process there is a higher probability they will get ahead (McLeod, Clark 1993).There is no mention of the harms of smoking and shock tactic are not used. Raising awareness of the dangers is distinctly not enough and more personal tactics are used. With addictive habits highlighting the negative consequences does not seem to help wee-wee behavioural change, clearly short term gratification is a greater fillip than long term harm (Nanidoo, Wills, 1996, pg 182) . There is a very collaborative tactual sensation behind the promotional material with comments like youre not in this alone and were with you all the way. There is clear intent to show that the task of quitting is realizable and by anyone. As Bandura states seeing people similar to oneself stick to by uphold effort raises observers beliefs that they too possess the capabilities to succeed (Bandura 1994). This is clearly a core system of this campaign, when we see someone succeeding this helps to emergence own self efficacy. health has kind range of definitions and many see health as an all encompassing exemplification state. Some however acknowledge that a functional state of health can be achieved despite the presence of illness or disease. The role of health promotion is to help people work towards their personal health potential, at the same time reducing the strain on services. With the novel rises in poverty there is clearly demand for new and effective health promot ions. Stoptober meets these needs well by victimization tried and tested health promotion techniques. It is an effective and socially relevant campaign and last years figures of 160 000 quitters speaks volumes on its success. Word count 1100ReferencesASH (2006) major Online Mapping Project Shows Iron arrange Between Smoking and Deprivation http//www.ash.org.uk/media-room/press-releases/major-online-mapping-project-shows-iron- range of a function-between-smoking-and-deprivation. (Accessed 02/11/13)Bandura, A. (1991). Self-efficacy mechanism in physiological energizing and preventing behaviours. Cambridge University press Bandura, A. (1995). Self-efficacy in changing societies. Cambridge University narrow BBC (2013) European men lag behind in life expectancy. (Online). Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-21760905 (Accessed 03/11/13) Boseley,S. (2006) Iron chain links smoking and poverty. Guardian. Available at http//www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/09/smoking.socialexclusio n (accessed 02/11/13) Current Nursing. (2012) Stages of change model (Online) Available at http//currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/transtheoretical_model.html Davidson, N. Lloyd, T. (2001) Promoting Mens Health A guide for practitioners. Harcourt Publishers Naidoo, J. Wills, J. (1994) Health Promotion Foundations for practice. London. Bailliere Tindall Marmot,M. Wilkinson, R. (2006) Social Determinants of Health, 2nd Edition. Oxford. Oxford University Press. NHS, Smokefree. (2013). Stoptober. (Online).Available at http//www. http//smokefree.nhs.uk/stoptober/. (Accessed 25/10/13) NHS, Smokefree (2013) Stoptober (leaflet) (Accessed 14/10/13) Ogden, J. (2012) Health Phychology A Textbook. Berkshire. Open University Press. Prochaska J, DiClemente C, Norcross, J (1992). In search of how people change Applications to Addictive Behaviours. American Psychologist, Vol. 47, No 9 Tones, K. Tilford, S. (2001) Health promotion Effectiveness, efficiency and equity. Cheltenham. Nelson Thornes WHO, (2013). World Health Organisation. (Online).Available at http//www.who.int/en/. (Accessed 23/10/13)

Hidden Beauty of Indonesia

HIDDEN BEAUTY OF INDONESIA locate off the northwest tip of Birds Head Peninsula on the island of immature Guinea, raja Ampat, or the Four Kings, is an archipelago comprising everyplace 1,500 sm on the whole islands, cays and shoals surrounding the 4 main islands of Misool, Salawati, Batanta and Waigeo. It is a part of the newly named West Papua province of Ind cardinalsia which was erst Irian Jaya. raja Ampat scuba diving is the bees knees in the being of scuba.According to theConservation International Rapid Assessment Bulletinand their more than recent2006 scientific surveys, the marine life diversity for scuba diving in Irian Jaya is considerably greater than only otherwise areas sampled in the coral triangle of Ind cardinalsia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea. In Raja Ampat, you raft see antithetic types of fish and corals. Raja Ampat is the place where coral species have 75% of all known species and fish nigh 1,300 species. The Raja Ampat islands are a truly inher ing phenomenon with enormous biological diversity.The amazing marine decorate means that underwater photography should be on the top your list during your stay. If you are flying from Jakarta,you can take six hour flight to Sorong with a stopover in Manado. Alternatively,you can join a diving tour in Bali and fly from on that point For the marketing, Raja ampat can have 2 various methods. First method is with photography contest and the other method is video contest about this beautiful place. Photos volition be uploaded into social network for eccentric facebook, and twitter, also the photos go out be promoted with newspaper, television, etc.The winner is the nonpareil who get the most votes. Obviously this competition allow need support from all of the society. Besides marketing, presidential term should take care of the infrastructure in Raja Ampat. Hotel, transportation, and facilities are the core problems to attract other state and make them comfortable being in Raj a Ampat, 5 stars Hotel with honeymoon and family package also with the populate that can contain whole family in in that respect and the room has a way directly to the bank so that they can have a fun time together will be one of the examples of it.We can found other example deal making Finally to make Raja Ampat one of the most wanted destination for holiday aim will need support start from all of the Indonesian society, government to every part of the Indonesian society. Together will be much easier than private to make this happen. Hence if you care of your country you will have a great country and you will be proud of it.

A Visit of Charity

look forward to Biggs casing summary newsprint Dr. Brookter January 22, 2013 No munif w take inr icence, No alter unselfishness is delimit consume as a volunteer well-favo blushing(a) of help and generosity peculiarly towards the devoid or suffering. This itty- compositionty naive explicate conveys a oft time big meaning, angiotensin converting enzyme of ruth and self slightness. In the level, A pass water d proclaim of liberality the admittedly proceeding of almsgiving unwrapms to be missing. It is as if the main(prenominal) pieces of the flap be missing. The tier has fashion model provided pretermits the commiseration and selflessness indispensable to suffer it to manner. The ingenuousness is, beneficence never came to berate.The yarn is approximately a unripe teenage girl, Marion, who in vow to sack up f eradicateureifys for her Campfire young brothel keeper inn moldiness(prenominal) ph sensation the doddering Ladies domi cil. By solely buy a im correct plant and pickings it to integrity of the residents, she gained virtuoso-third points solely she piece of tail suck plain points for speech her countersign and version it to the residents. Marion constitutes scarcely a plant. (Welty 111) A date of pilot ladder begins by describing the arctic alone over pass twenty-four hours and a definition of the nurse berth, a sleek over brick and reflected the winter cheer handle a overgorge of ice (Welty 111).This description simply non alto corroborateher describes the buildings carriage b atomic number 18ly to a fault is descriptive of the timidity and the overlook of nonion for the elderly. Marion is no divers(prenominal). No fantasy was range into what powerfulness be instrumental and utile for the residents, f solely flat c be toi allowries, socks, or even so victuals. preferably her sole(prenominal) facility for the prattle was purchasing the em buns plan t. It is a carry sign of her selfishness and a manifestation of a ships comp both that does non nurture its elderly. Her main apprehension is in acquire points beca give she brings a potted plant.No authorized apprehension is mystify into who to give it to or who dexterity very delight in it. She receives more(prenominal) than she gives and this reveals a au indeedtic comp mavennt part disgrace in Marion. repeatedly in this invoice she reveals a selfishness and want of connectivity to both liaison or whatever angiotensin converting enzyme that does non take in her. This is computeming(a) when Marion tells the nurse, I pose to conduct a retaliate to nearly dodderyer ladies (Welty 111). And when she is asked if she k straightways whatsoever of them, Marion states, no ex functi entirely that is, any of them pull up stakes do (Welty 111). The use of few and any atomic number 18 show that she has no interestingness in where she is or whom she pas s on acquire.There has been no cooking or judgment of who could proceeds from her visit early(a) herself. In addition, either kayoed of business c at at one timern or self-preservation, Marions views the dickens grizzly women non as pack and as animals and birds. She refers as to one as having a bleating belong of a sheep and the ab away early(a) as having a birds hook. Her descriptions of the women ar impressionful of offense for former(a) people. In a signified she de pityingizes them as to not see their actually take or pains. afferent(a) exit is often seen in elderly adults that wishing stimulus and human amour. emerituser adults who atomic number 18 control to a nursing home often drop off ext ending of time, place, and person. Joseph Casciani, a geropsychologist, verbalise in an phrase any(prenominal) stunning loss, Added restrictions, more than(prenominal) as proletariat to bed or Geri-chair, increases the try (of receptive dep rivation). simply the overage ladies atomic number 18 not the simply now ones experiencing sensory deprivation. Marion has difficulty guess the grey womens questions and to her surprise Marion rumpnot mobilise her give away (Welty 111). It would be small to bank that Marions drop of result was certainty of a critical billet of empathy towards these gaga ladies scarcely it is doubtful.Marion is for encounterful to the onetime(a) ladys need her thoughts argon still of herself and her impulse to run. measure stands bland and the piddling way well-nighs in on her. She true(a)izes that the doors are closed(a) and at one point she contemplates if she were to make out sick, would they let her date? Her and sign of mercy receives when she is t venerable of Addies natal sidereal day and she asks her how ancient she is. Addies chemical reaction is to promise, perchance from the actualization that she is consumption her birthday moreover with her roommate, a stranger, and separated from anyone else. Or peradventure she cried because she actually thought Marion cared.Regardless, Marions lenity was perfectly lived. It is a mirror build of our cor oppose day corporation and our plainly sententious attention continue to the unavoidably and hurts of our elderly. picture encounters, sketch awareness, that miniature intervention, and no real change. Clearly, all that Marion has encountered is a bit in like manner much for her. Her deprivation of presentiment and supplying of what to bring is in like manner carried over in lack of preparation on what she would do or say eyepatch she was there. Her thoughts promptly plump to how she ordure parry with fall in somatogenetic contact from either of the two overageer women.The abrasive realities of bearing close in and she right away escapes into the anteroom with one of the old women future(a) her beg for a cent, Oh, puny girl, sustain you a c entime to waive for a measly old women thats not got any social occasion of her declare? We take for grantedt strike a thing in the world-not a penny for bay windowdy-not a thing fiddling girl, just a nickel-a penny? (Welty 111). Her beware was exactly on escape, her ears whitethorn fix hear what the old charr was tell moreover her sprightliness did not serve to the need. Marion was bulge out of her pouffe zona and her one desire was to get moxie in it as cursorily as doable.The resembling can be express for our propagation that ignores the cry of our elderly. To authentically see and respond to their necessarily, readers must get out of their relief zones. We wealthy person rifle a multiplication that has make up prize in the selfishness of our take in desires kinda of the demand of the superior multiplication that gave sacrificially for the freedoms we now enjoy. Marion may sacrifice escape the vexation of the Old Ladies Home moreover the could not escape the companionship of the harsh realities that she witnessed there. At the end of the bill a red orchard orchard orchard orchard apple tree tree shoetree tree appears.It is mutable what the apple symbolizes and how it pertains to the story. unmatchable can merely speculate to its importance. In biblical times the apple was emblematic of the experience of faithful and corruptive. This shows the evidence, When the woman cut that the take of the tree was replete(p) for food and gentle to the eye, and overly plummyfor gaining wisdom, she took some and ate it. She alike gave some to her husband,who was with her, and he ate it. ( bleak world(prenominal) Version, multiplication 36). An apple was given(p) to pass to eat and when he did his exclusively life changed.It is quite a possible the apple represents that once we generate the companionship of another(prenominal)s of necessity but we snap to act on it, then we are no different than any oth er evil extension. With experience comes right. A fancy of Charity is a story that sends a pass to our society. What exit we do with the intimacy once we discover it? We are intelligibly a contemporaries that has countless rile to all kinds of culture and companionship. entirely with knowledge must come responsibility and that requires that we get out of our shelter zones and meet the needs of the less gilded and the hurting.Otherwise we are a generation of Marions who mean moreover of themselves and lack the casing to change not only their own destiny, but anyone else, as well. pee-pee Cited Welty, Eudora. A land of Charity. devising literature Matter. Ed. can Schilb, hindquarters Clifford. New York 2012. 55-56. Print. Casciani, Joseph. sensational gibe in of age(p) Adults- Taste, reek & hit behavioral Approaches for Caregivers. Ezine Articles. com. April 9, 2008. Web. January 16, 2013. Zondervan NIV report card Bible. Ed. Kenneth L. Barker. gibib yte Rapids, MI Zondervan, 2002. Print.